<p>The Philadelphia Watch Case Company Building is located at Pavilion and Lafayette Avenues near the Riverside station in Riverside Township of Burlington County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 31, 1978, for its significance in architecture, industry, and entertainment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1852, Samuel Bechtold began constructing the oldest part of the building, the Pavilion Hotel. In 1892, Theophilus Zurbrugg, owner of</p><br>
<p>the Philadelphia Watch Case Company, purchased it. In 1906, the company started construction of the larger building, completed in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 400 East Third Street, in Casa Grande, Arizona, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. It was built around 1950 in a simplified Romanesque Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The building was commissioned by a local Church of Christ that had been meeting in a grammar school auditorium and was built with hired and volunteer labor; the first services were held on January 3, 1943, though the building was unfinished due to wartime restrictions on building materials. The Church of Christ moved to 805 E. Racine in 1985. After moving out, the building has been home to a succession of churches, with the building being owned by the Church of God of Prophecy (Iglesia de Dios de la Profecia, also known as Templo Bethel and later Comunidad Cristiana Bethel). Other users have been Indian Trails Missions, which was authorized to use it as an office to assist immigrants applying for USA citizenship) and Living Waters Church, a Pentecostal church.</p><br>
<p>Its 2001 National Register nomination states that it was created as a religious facility, but does not identify the name or the type of religious facility which built it. It further states that at the time of nomination it was in use as a church, again without identifying its name or denomination.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as an example of simplified Romanesque Revival style, and also for its use of brick as construction material. It was the only public building of brick construction in Casa Grande and one of only 13 brick buildings of any type; the others were residences or commercial buildings.</p><br>
<p>Breidenhart is a historic castle-like house built in 1894 by Samuel Leeds Allen and located at 255 East Main Street in Moorestown, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 1977, for its significance in art, architecture, commerce, and music. It was added as a contributing property to the Moorestown Historic District in 1990. The building is now owned by the Lutheran Social Ministries of New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1894, Samuel Leeds Allen, inventor of the Flexible Flyer sled, commissioned architect Walter Smedley to design his new residence. Allen named it Breidenhart, meaning "broad hearth stone". In 1918, after Allens death, the house was sold to Eldridge R. Johnson, founder and president of the Victor Talking Machine Company. In 1947, after Johnsons death, it was sold to the Lutheran Home of New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two and one-half story stone building featuring Queen Anne architecture and a polygonal corner turret. It is located on a 10 acre landscaped lot.</p><br>
<p>The Harvey-Niemeyer House, in Florence, Arizona, is a one-story house built around 1874. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986,</p><br>
<p>It was built first as a T-shaped adobe house, which was probably flat-roofed, with an attached front porch and a rear frame addition, around 1874. It was renovated in 1892 with addition of a hipped roof and a veneer of fired brick on all but the rear facade. It was expanded also with a row of rooms across its rear in 1936.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as "an outstanding example of a local architectural type known as Early Transitional. Early Transitional buildings manifest characteristics of both Sonoran and American Victorian styles. The building is also associated with two locally significant individuals: Dr. William Harvey, M.D., and Charles H. Niemeyer." It was judged to be comparable to the best examples of Early Transitional style in the National Register-listed Florence Townsite Historic District.</p><br>
<p>It is located outside that district at 250 S. Main St., but when it was listed its address was 1618 Main St.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story house built of adobe around 1874. It was remodeled in 1892 and expanded in 1936. It is about 42x45 ft in plan.</p><br>
<p>It was home of physician William Harvey, who became known as an "Angel of Mercy" during a smallpox epidemic. Harvey also came to address the aftermath of the 1888 Gabriel-Phy shootout. Charles Niemeyer, a later homeowner, served as a postmaster and, for 25 years, as Clerk of the Pinal County Board of Supervisors.</p><br>
<p>East Spencer Graded School was a historic school in East Spencer, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>A one-story building with three classrooms went up in 1909, and an addition was made in 1913. A two-story Classical Revival building designed by Charles C. Hook was built in 1921, with a north classroom section and auditorium designed by Yoe, Northup and O’Brien in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The town&#39;s only school for white students housed all grades until the completion of North Rowan High School in 1958, after which East Spencer School housed grades one through eight. As new schools opened, students were sent to those schools, with the last students moving to North Rowan Middle School in 1974. After the school closed, the Rowan County Schools took over the building for its offices and converted the auditorium to a meeting room.</p><br>
<p>By 2012, efforts were under way to build new offices for the school system, which had five locations. The 88-year-old East Spencer building, according to structural consultants, "far exceeded the useful service life."</p><br>
<p>The first offices for the consolidated school system opened in Salisbury in 2016. Even before school system offices moved out, a 2015 study by the UNC School of Government Development showed possible uses were residential, office and retail. The town of East Spencer bought the buildings in 2016. The buildings were used for storage, events and meetings, and a community garden was out front. Plans for low-income housing fell through, though developer Landmark Group completed and paid for the application for the National Register of Historic Places. A 2019 Salisbury Post article said that according to the application, "oth buildings are intact and increasingly rare examples of early 20th-century institutional architecture."</p><br>
<p>On January 7, 2023, a 5-alarm fire destroyed the main building. East Spencer police chief John Fewell said an investigation showed "juveniles" accidentally set the fire. As of May, the building that burned had been demolished and plans were being made for a community center in the remaining building.</p><br>
<p>The Milltown India Rubber Company is a historic building located at 40 Washington Avenue in the borough of Milltown in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. Construction of the building started in 1899 and was completed in 1900. Designed by architect George Parsell with vernacular Italianate style, it was part of the rubber industry in the county. The building features a five story tower and a tall smokestack. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 13, 1986, for its significance in architecture and industry.</p><br>
<p>The Alkali Flat Historic District is a historic district in Sacramento, California. It is the oldest surviving neighborhood in Sacramento. The older Alkali Flat buildings and homes were built between 1853 and 1869 by the Sacramento&#39;s upper class. Alkali Flat borders are: 12th Street, H Street , 7th Street, and Southern Pacific Train tracks to the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As the older upper class houses became less wanted, Irish and Mexicans immigrants moved in the 1920’s. In 1920s, the neighborhood got its name "Alkali Flat" as white powder once coated the ground seasonally in the Sutter slough during spring and winter floods. All of the homes were run down by the 1950s. The city started a redevelopment program for Alkali Flat. The city zoned Alkali Flat as a C-4 zone for business. KCRA Television moved in, along with other businesses. The County of Sacramento built offices and parking in Alkali Flat. The Capitol Corridor project and I-5 established in 1991, removed houses in Sacramento and some moved into Alkali Flat. The art group Royal Chicano Air Force (RCAF) opened in 1960s in Alkali Flat. It was one of the "most important collective artist groups" A new city redevelopment program for Alkali Flat started on February 10, 1972. The “Redevelopment Plan Alkali Flat Project No 6” zoned some of Alkali Flat as residential, starting an effort to preserve the history of Alkali Flat. Some historic homes were moved to Alkali Flat in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The Blue Line (SacRT) has a station, as well as the Alkali Flat/La Valentina station and the Globe station that opened in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>In 1984 Alkali Flat received three National Register of Historic Places listings:</p><br>
<p>Alkali Flat Central Historic District: 95-acre E and F Streets, between 9th and 12th Sts, (#84000929 on July 26, 1984) 38.584444&deg; latitude, -121.489722&deg; longitude.</p><br>
<p>Alkali Flat North Historic District: 23-acre D and 11th Streets (#84000933 on April 19, 1984). 38.58666&deg; latitude, -121.487778&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Alkali Flat West Historic District: 67-acre E, F, and 8th Streets, mostly residential with some canals. (#84000933 on July 26, 1984) 38.585833&deg; latitude, -121.493056&deg; longitude</p><br>
<h2>Notable places</h2><br>
<p>Some of the notable places in Alkali Flat Historic District: There are 46 buildings on Central Alkali Flat National list: Alkali Flat West has 17 buildings on the National list. Alkali Flat North has 14 buildings on the National list.</p><br>
<p>J. Neely Johnson House Fourth Governor of California home. National Register #76000512</p><br>
<p>Mesick House National Register #82002236.</p><br>
<p>Kuchler Row National Register #82002234.</p><br>
<p>Hubbard-Upson House, National Register #77000327</p><br>
<p>Anton Wagner Duplex</p><br>
<p>Phoenix Milling Company now The Globe Mill</p><br>
<p>Van Voorhies House</p><br>
<p>Crystal Cream and Butter Company</p><br>
<p>Phoenix Flour Mill</p><br>
<p>California Almond Growers Exchange (1910-1915)</p><br>
<p>Southern Pacific Hospital on 8th & F Street</p><br>
<p>Banta Mill (1898-1902)</p><br>
<p>Burnett & Sons Novelty Wood Works</p><br>
<p>Sacramento Hostel, 1885 Victorian mansion</p><br>
<p>Gordon D. Schaber Sacramento County Courthouse</p><br>
<p>Sacramento County Public Law Library</p><br>
<p>KCRA-TV</p><br>
<p>Zapata Park, 1 acre park, with Community Gardens.</p><br>
<p>Neely Johnson Park, 1 acre park</p><br>
<p>Johnson House Sacramento.jpgJ. Neely Johnson House</p><br>
<p>Alkali Flat station, October 2018.jpgAlkali Flat/La Valentina station in 2018</p><br>
<p>The Cruz Trading Post at 200 W. Main St. in Casa Grande, Arizona was built around 1888. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>It is a stuccoed adobe building, Pueblo Revival in style since it was modified into that style, around 1937:</p><br>
<p>Built by Thomas Tomlinson around 1888, it was originally a one-story rectangular adobe building with double entries and functioned as a general store and post office until 1897. Between 1897 and 1898 the building was operated as Ben Bible&#39;s Saloon. It continued to be used for general stores, offices for doctors, the telephone office, a lodge meeting hall, and as the Casa Grande Valley Bank building until 1937, when Ramon Cruz purchased it for his trading post.</p><br>
<p>The building was remodeled around that time into its current Pueblo Revival style, and served as an Indian trading post until 1955.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, it was a tavern.</p><br>
<p>Ramon Cruz, Sr., was a well-known Casa Grande businessman. After operating a trading post in Sacatan he moved to Casa Grande in 1905 and opened a trading post. After his death in 1924, his sons continued the family business for man years. Cruz was a respected Casa Grande citizen and a member of the first elementary school board. This building is one of Casa Grandes oldest commercial buildings, is in sound condition, and retains its stylistic vigas and pressed tin ceiling. It is the only example in Casa Grande of a commercial building executed in a Pueblo Revival Style. Both the age of the building and the buildings unique style contribute to its significance.</p><br>
<p>It was listed onto the National Register as part of a study of historic resources in Casa Grande.</p><br>
<p>AZCentral identified it as one of "Historic Pinal County properties you need to see" in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The W. S. Reed Toy Company-Wachusett Shirt Company Historic District encompasses two adjacent properties at 41 and 45 Summer Street in Leominster, Massachusetts. The two properties were historically associated with the business operations of William S. Reed, a businessman who operated a toy manufacturing company among other concerns. The properties were listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>William S. Reed was a native of Sterling, Massachusetts who came to Leominster in 1872, and soon afterward introduced the manufacture of toys to the city, at first wooden blocks. Some of his early manufacturing may have taken place in the brick house at 41 Summer Street, built in 1840. In 1879 he acquired factory properties on what is now Summer Street from J.C. Lane and Emerson Prescott, which had formerly served as furniture and comb factories. The following year he built the oldest surviving portion of what is now 45 Summer Street, a multi-story Second Empire brick factory building.</p><br>
<p>Reed expanded his business into another adjacent factory in 1891, but it was destroyed by fire the following year. A second fire in 1896 destroyed even more of his plant, and the company was subsequently folded into the Whitney Reed Chair Company, a maker of rattan and reed furniture. Reed later became involved in the construction and operation of streetcar networks in the region.</p><br>
<p>The plant was acquired by Francis Whitney in 1900, first housing his United States Thread Company, and then serving as the number 3 mill of the Wachusett Shirt Company. That company operated here at least until the mid-1950s; its principal plant was located across Monoosnuc Brook, which was joined to this property by a footbridge.</p><br>
<p>Fulton Manor is a former retirement home located at 1450 Fulton Street East in Grand Rapids, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1892, Adrian Kriekard, minister of the Third Reformed Church, formed the Holland United Benevolent Association, to, as the group&#39;s charter stated, "provide a home for aged, indigent and infirm persons of general good conduct and character." They opened Holland Home on the corner of Michigan Street and College Avenue later that year, and by 1894 could house 46 people. By 1910, the group realized more space was needed, and in 1912 they purchased this property on Fulton Street. A new Holland Home opened here in December 1912 with space for 75 residents. Additions were constructed in 1917 and 1924.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, Holland Home realized the 1912 building would soon be outdated, and hired local architect James K. Haveman to design further additions, and to create a master plan that would include demolition of the earlier buildings. Phase I of the master plan (the West Building) was constructed in 1952. Phase II (East Building) followed in 1958, with Phase III (Grace Building) in 1967, and Phase IV (Fulton Building) in 1971. The 1912 building and its additions were removed in 1966. A final building, the Van Andel Pavilion, was added in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Holland Home had expanded to other campuses in the area, and by the 2010s was one of the largest providers of elderly housing and nursing care in West Michigan. In 2017, Holland Home made the decision to invest in their other campuses rather than rehabilitate Fulton Manor. In 2021, Hope Network purchased the Fulton Manor campus, with plans to redevelop it to provide low-income housing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Fulton Manor complex is a series of five buildings, joined together but constructed at different times, that were designed by architect James K. Haveman to follow a mater plan. The East Building (1954) and West Building (1959) run north and south, parallel to each other. The Grace Building (1967) is L-shaped, and connected to the north side of the West Building. The Fulton Building (1971) runs east and west at the north end of the Grace Building, with a connector running to the East Building. The Van Andel Pavilion (1998) sits in the crux of the Grace Building&#39;s L shape.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are a vernacular Modern style with clean lines and simple elements. They are all constructed of aw arm red brick, with inset windows and minimal ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>The Malcolm X House, also known as the Wilfred and Ruth Little House, is a private house located at 4336 Williams Street in Inkster, Michigan. It is significant for its association with African American Civil Rights leader Malcolm X, who lived here with his brother Wilfred Little in 1952-53. The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This house was built in 1950, and was first owned by Wilfred Little (Wilfred X) and his wife Ruth. Wilfred had joined the Nation of Islam in the 1940s, and by 1950 he was identified as a spokesman for Temple No. 1 in Detroit. In 1952, he helped facilitate the parole of his younger brother, Malcolm, and welcomed him into his house. Malcolm joined his brother at Temple No. 1, and soon visited the Honorable</p><br>
<p>Elijah Muhammad, who formally assigned him the "X." In 1953 he was named Assistant Minister of Temple No. 1, and by late 1953 he was sent to other Temples around the country, ending his permanent residence here. He would, however, visit his brother occasionally over the years until his assassination.</p><br>
<p>The house was eventually abandoned. As of 2021, it is being rehabilitated by the nonprofit organization We Hope, Dream, and Believe, which wants to turn the house into a historical landmark and community center.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Malcolm X House is a one-and-a-half-story, side-gable seven room, minimalist modern house built in 1950. It is built of wood, and is nearly identical to some other houses nearby which were built around the same time. The front is asymmetrical, with an entrance door flanked by two window openings. An offset cross-gable is set to one side. The house sits on a concrete foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Humboldt Avenue Historic District is a historic district encompassing a cluster of multifamily brick buildings in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Centered on the junction of Humboldt Avenue and Hutchings Street, the area was developed in 1915-16 during a major Jewish migration, and includes a fine sample of Colonial Revival architecture. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Humboldt Avenue and Hutchings Street run through a residential area northeast of Boston&#39;s Franklin Park and west of Blue Hill Avenue. The historic district includes six buildings clustered at their junction, which are differentiated from the surrounding residences by their construction. All six are multistory brick apartment houses, while the surrounding buildings are wood frame single and multifamily structures. All exhibit Colonial Revival styling, and generally feature brick walls with stone trim features; some of the buildings have a stucco finish laid over the brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The Humboldt Avenue area had originally been developed around 1900 with a series of wood-frame residences. Beginning about 1910, a major migration of Jews from Boston&#39;s North End and the adjacent city of Chelsea began, spurred by the extension of electrified streetcar service, and a major 1908 fire in Chelsea which left more than 15,000 Jews homeless. The first of the six buildings in the district to be built was 79-83 Hutchings Street, which was completed in 1915. The others were built soon after, with all six completed by then end of 1916.</p><br>
<p>The Gila River Bridge near Clifton, Arizona, also known as the Clifton Bridge, is a Luten Arch bridge which was built in 1918. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-span Luten arch reinforced concrete bridge which was ordered by Arizona state engineer B.M. Atwood. A Luten arch is a bridge design created by Daniel B. Luten, which is widely regarded as elegant in appearance.</p><br>
<p>A longer, higher steel deck arch bridge was planned in 1917 by Arizona state engineer Thomas Haddock, but bids came in high over budget, and steel was relatively unavailable at the time (during World War I), so that approach was dropped. Secondly, R.V. Leeson, the Assistant Chief Engineer of the Topeka Bridge and Iron Company, was hired to design a long open spandrel arch bridge with concrete girder approaches. But instead of that, a new state engineer, B.M. Atwood, required the design to become two equal-span Luten arches, at a lower and shorter crossing. This design was constructed by a convict work force at cost of $60,191 in 1918.</p><br>
<p>If it had been built to the state engineer&#39;s plan for a single-span concrete arch bridge, it would have been one of the longest such in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It still carries traffic on the Black Hills Back Country Byway, also known as Old Safford Road. The Owl Creek Campground on the byway has seven campsites upon a cliff overlooking the bridge. A small picnic area is on the north end of the bridge; the south end is a launch site for floating the river and is a catfish fishing site.</p><br>
<p>The Congregational Church in Osawatomie, Kansas, at 315 6th St., was built in 1858-61. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>It is associated with abolitionist John Brown, as its early preacher and leader, Samuel L. Adair, was married to John Brown&#39;s half-sister Florella Brown. After moving to the area with his family in 1855, Adair organized the church, including the first meeting on April 13, 1856 with six free-staters. Church services were held in the Adair cabin, which was later moved to and preserved in the John Brown Memorial Park and is itself listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The National Register nomination for this church reads:The battles of Osawatomie on June 7 and August 30 of that year devastated the town, and church minutes show that hymn books and the Sunday School library were "carried away or burned."... "The congregation reassembled in December 1857 and, in 1858, began the work of building a church home.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Adair worked to raise money, and with his son moved stone and walnut lumber, and actually built the church by 1861. At that time, a severe drought caused many residents of Osawatomie and the Kansas Territory to leave and return a year later. The 1860 census of Osawatomie did not differentiate between the town and the township but showed a population of 304 -167 males and 137 females. " Florella returned to Ohio on what she called a "calling and begging trip" to collect donations enabling Adair to hire local craftsman to help complete the church. Among those contributing to the construction of the church were the ForeFathers Fund, the Aid to Kansas Committee, the Congregational Church of Brookfield, Massachusetts and many individuals who "believed the church structure to be a crucial one...in a time of crisis." Reverend Adairs own account stated that the total amount raised for the church was $2,045.97.11.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-room Congregational church, about 32x60 ft in plan, with elements of Greek Revival and Gothic Revival design. Greek Revival aspects include cornice returns. Gothic Revival aspects include multi-light windows and the type of interior window trim. It is built of Kansas limestone and has a cedar-shingled roof. Interior walls are plastered or mortared and have walnut wainscoting.</p><br>
<p>It has a belfry with its original iron bell, cast in Troy, New York in 1868.</p><br>
<p>It was one of the first three Congregational churches organized in Kansas; the others were the Plymouth Congregational Church organized in Lawrence on October 15, 1854 and the First Congregational Church organized in Manhattan on January 6, 1856.</p><br>
<p>A photo from around 1860 shows the church, and is believed to be the earliest surviving photo of it.</p><br>
<p>The Mims House in Eugene, Oregon, USA, is a Gothic Revival-style, single-family home considered to be one of the oldest homes in the area. It is known for being the home of the Mims family, who were one of the first African American homeowners in Eugene when they purchased it in 1948. During the period of racial segregation in Eugene, the Mims family frequently hosted African American visitors to Eugene both at their home and in the adjoining boarding house which they owned. The building is a Historic Landmark located within the East Skinner Butte Historic District. In 2021, the Eugene-Springfield branch of the NAACP was located in the Mims House, although the home also operates as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mims House was built in 1867 on Skinner Butte and is considered to be one of the oldest homes in Eugene. In 1979, it was designated a Historic Landmark by the city of Eugene before being added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the East Skinner Butte Historic District several years later. The house is distinctive given its steep gable roof with cross-gable and pointed arch windows, an architectural style "representative of Gothic Revival Style". It is one of the oldest homes in the East Skinner Butte area and is thought to be the home of James Huddleston, one of Eugene&#39;s early settlers.</p><br>
<p>An interesting architectural aspect of the home is the millstone, located in the yard. The millstone was from the Eugene Mill & Elevator Company and is believed to have been brought to the property to be used as a doorstep when the original mill burned down in 1894. The original mill was built by Hilyard Shaw in 1855-1856 and was one of several to make use of the millrace to power their mills.</p><br>
<h2>The Mims family</h2><br>
<p>Originally from Marshall, Texas, Annie Mims was born in 1902 and married C.B. Mims at the age of 15. In the early 1940s, the Mims family settled in Vancouver, Washington, where C.B. Mims worked in the shipyards.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the family moved to McCredie Springs, a small community east of Oakridge, where C.B. Mims worked on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The Mims family arrived in Eugene in 1947. A skilled millwright, C.B. Mims hoped to take advantage of the post-World War II timber boom by finding a job at one of the many lumber mills, but work in mills was scarce due to racial discrimination, so he became a busboy at the Osburn Hotel. Joe E. Earley Sr., the owner of the Osburn Hotel, guaranteed C.B. Mims lifetime employment.</p><br>
<p>Due to racial segregation, the Mims were forced to live north of the Willamette River in what was then called the Ferry Street Village. The Mims family occupied a dirt-floor shack in this segregated community for two years. While C.B. Mims worked at the Osburn Hotel, Annie Mims picked beans and other crops to help support the family. The Mims family was the first African American family to move across the river into Eugene after Joe E. Earley Sr. sponsored the purchase of the two houses where they stayed. They lived in the house at the back of the lot, while the house in front was used by African Americans who were denied lodging in the rest of the city. Shortly after they moved in, a petition was started by a neighbor to demand that they leave, but this petition received little support.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil Rights era Annie Mims and her son Willie protested discriminatory housing practices in Eugene. In the 1960s, loans and employment for African Americans were still hard to come by, and the first loan the Mims received after the one provided by Earley Sr. came from the federal government to restore the Mims House.</p><br>
<h2>Racial segregation in Eugene</h2><br>
<p>In the United States, Jim Crow laws affected the ability of Black people to travel safely. White supremacists aimed to prevent travel through violence and intimidation. Black travelers were subject to racial profiling that could escalate to violence. Oregon broadly has a history of racism. Its 1857 constitution included an exclusion clause that prevented Black people and people of color from settling in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Negro Motorist Green Book was published to show places where Black motorists could stay safely. The Mims House functioned unofficially as such a safe place. Eugene was a notorious "sundown town", a place that engaged in racial segregation either through legal discrimination or through intimidation and violence. As with other USA cities, Eugene also had historically racist housing practices such as Redlining and racially restrictive covenants.</p><br>
<p>Eugene residents engaged in racialized discrimination and violence in attempts to prevent Black people from settling in the region. Eugene was also known as a town that had strong ties to the Ku Klux Klan. On top of Skinner Butte, near the Mims House, the Klan burned crosses to intimidate Black residents and visitors. This racial violence was experienced by students at the local University of Oregon. Black athletes in the university&#39;s programs were housed in the Mims house at times because the dormitories were segregated.</p><br>
<p>The Mims purchased the house they used as a safe haven in 1948. The Mims House provided lodging for Black visitors to Eugene until 1966, and Black celebrities such as Nat King Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, and Paul Robeson stayed there.</p><br>
<h2>Community uses of the Mims House</h2><br>
<p>The Mims family, along with several other African American families including that of Lyllye Reynolds-Parker, helped found the St. Mark&#39;s Christian Methodist Episcopal Church in Eugene. Their family home was used as a meeting place and event center for the church with meetings, socials, and benefit dinners being held there. Currently, the Mims property is leased by the Eugene-Springfield branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which is headquartered there and holds events for the community and advocacy at the Mims House. During COVID-19, the Mims House also served as a food pantry and vaccination clinic for the local community.</p><br>
<p>The Moyaone Reserve is a neighborhood located within Piscataway Park in Accokeek. The neighborhood was given National Register of Historic Places status in 2020 and is within the historic viewshed of Mount Vernon. It is split between Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland and Charles County, Maryland. The name Moyaone is derived from name of the town Moyaone, the major town of the Piscataway Native American tribe. The archaeological remains of Moyaone are at the Accokeek Creek Site, within Piscataway Park.</p><br>
<p>The Moyaone is bordered to the north by Piscataway Creek, to the east by MD Route 210, and to the west is Marshall Hall Road.</p><br>
<p>The Moyaone Reserve is governed by the Moyaone Association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1922, Henry G. Ferguson and his wife Alice purchased a 330-acre farm named Hard Bargain Farm on the Potomac River. Their farm became a center of social activity and several other people purchased properties nearby including Lenore Thomas Straus and her husband Robert W. Straus, government economist Charles Kramer and Washington architect Charles Wagner. Alice Ferguson gradually purchased adjacent land in a development company named the Piscataway Company, which included a covenant that all land would be subdivided no smaller than 5 acres. Alice Ferguson died in 1952, leaving additional land and money to the Piscataway Company. In an effort to more efficiently manage its resources, the Piscataway Company split into multiple organizations. These included the Moyaone Association, a non-profit civic organization, and the Alice Ferguson Foundation which runs Hard Bargain Farm.</p><br>
<p>Over the next decades the Moyaone Association was one of several organizations along with the Alice Ferguson Foundation, the Mount Vernon Ladies&#39; Association, and later the Accokeek Foundation, that were active in conservation efforts in and around Piscataway Park. This was called Operation Overview.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, a 485-acre farm across from Mount Vernon went up for sale, and there were rumors that an oil company was to buy it. On behalf of the Moyaone association, Wagner reached out to Charles Wall, the Resident Director of Mount Vernon and its parent organization, the Mount Vernon Ladies Association, then led by Ohio Member of Congress Frances P. Bolton. Bolton and the Mount Vernon Ladies Association had expressed a desire to protect the view from Mount Vernon. Ultimately, Bolton purchased the farm with plans to transfer it to the National Park Service. At this point Bolton, Wagner, Straus, and Wall developed a plan to protect the Mount Vernon viewshed.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, Bolton founded the Accokeek Foundation, one of the nation&#39;s first land trusts. The Foundation was used to purchase 200 acres of land in Piscataway Park to help preserve the area, in addition to land that Bolton transferred to the foundation. The Accokeek Foundation runs the National Colonial Farm, which is adjacent to the Moyaone Reserve and within Piscataway Park.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (WSSC) wanted to build a water treatment plant in Mockley Point, which was Accokeek shoreline. Since it would disrupt the view of Mount Vernon and Fort Washington Park, various people and organizations protested against it. As a result, WSSC was not allowed to build the plant there; however, a plant was built in the 1960s in the surrounding area. In response to this, The Moyaone Association, Mount Vernon Ladies&#39; Association, and other local groups mobilized to find a legislative solution to protecting the Accokeek shoreline and Mount Vernon viewshed.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, a joint resolution to preserve the viewshed was introduced in the United States Senate by Senator Clinton Anderson with identical text in the United States House of Representatives by Representative John P. Saylor. The resolution was quickly passed and signed by President John F. Kennedy. Its purpose was to "preserve lands which provide the principal overview from the Mount Vernon Estate and Fort Washington" in order to designate 133 acre around Mockley Point, which was to be the site of water treatment plant, as a national landmark. The resolution also authorized the National Park Service to receive donations and scenic easements from adjacent communities. This allowed Moyaone residents to transfer their easements to the federal government.</p><br>
<h2>Moyaone Reserve&#39;s history of conservation</h2><br>
<p>The Moyaone Reserve&#39;s approach to conservation was described by Maryland Republican Senator John Marshall Butler as "an almost unique or pilot project in cooperative individual activity for the development and use of the countryside without destroying its natural attraction."</p><br>
<p>To supplement this strategy, in 1965 and 1966, the Moyaone Association lead the effort first at the state level and then at the local level to recognize easement donations. In 1966, Prince George&#39;s County became the first locality in the country to grant local tax credits for easement donations. This is now a standard form of conservation easement.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>From the beginning, many Moyaone properties were designed with a modern aesthetic. Wagner designed a number of homes modeled on Frank Lloyd Wrights architecture, while Strauss home was built by Charles M. Goodman, a leading modernist architect. Lenore Straus also maintained an artist studio on their property. These formed the beginning of the Moyaone Reserve&#39;s Mid-century modern architectural legacy.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Frances P. Bolton</p><br>
<p>Henry G. Ferguson</p><br>
<p>Lenore Thomas Straus</p><br>
<p>Charles M. Goodman</p><br>
<p>The Heights Community Center is a historic community center in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It was built from 1938 to 1940 by the National Youth Administration , a New Deal agency which provided jobs and vocational training for young Americans. The building was constructed on a minimal budget using donated and scavenged materials, including discarded nails collected from the Albuquerque Municipal Airport construction site. Subsequently, the NYA also built the Barelas Community Center in 1942. These were the first two community centers in the city, and both are still in use as of 2021. The Heights Community Center has hosted the same types of functions since it opened, including dances, classes and activities for children, and space for community groups. The building was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places in 2021. It is also an Albuquerque Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The community center is a one-story Pueblo-Revival-style building constructed using labor-intensive traditional methods including hand-formed adobe bricks and hand-cut vigas. It is modeled after a traditional Spanish-style hacienda, with a single row of rooms arranged around a central courtyard. An internal portal (veranda) surrounds the courtyard on all four sides. The building contains classrooms, offices, a meeting room, a kitchen, and a large dance or assembly hall. An addition was built in 1949 which doubled the size of the dance hall. Further additions were built at the rear in 1980 and 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Barelas Community Center is a historic community center in the Barelas neighborhood of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It was built from 1940 to 1942 by the National Youth Administration , a New Deal agency which provided jobs and vocational training for young Americans. The NYA completed the Heights Community Center in 1940 and immediately started work on a second center, in cooperation with the League of United Latin American Citizens , to serve the majority-Hispanic Barelas neighborhood. It was dedicated during the LULAC national convention in June, 1942. Heights and Barelas were the first two community centers in the city, and both are still in use as of 2021.</p><br>
<p>The center offered various services including youth organizations and activities, adult education, and recreation. It was operated by LULAC from 1942 to 1944 and the Barelas Community Council from 1944 to 1955 before being absorbed by the city&#39;s Parks and Recreation Department in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The community center is a one-story, U-shaped building, modeled after a traditional Spanish-style hacienda with a single row of rooms arranged around a central courtyard. It was designed by local architect A. W. Boehning in the Pueblo Revival style, with buttressed adobe walls, projecting vigas, and wooden lintels. The NYA constructed the building using labor-intensive traditional methods including hand-made adobe bricks and hand-cut vigas. The building contains a game room, a girls&#39; club room, a kitchen, and a large community room with a stage. The community room is decorated with a series of six Native American-themed murals painted in 1957 by Albuquerque Indian School students under the direction of Teofilo Tafoya. A separate gymnasium was built in 1977 and was later connected to the main building in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Manzano Court Addition Historic District is a historic district in the Downtown Neighborhood of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It encompasses the entirety of the Manzano Court Addition, a small subdivision consisting of a one-block-long cul-de-sac and twelve surrounding houses, eight of which are contributing properties. The subdivision was platted in 1923 by Anna Swetland Gotshall , an Ohio native who came to Albuquerque for tuberculosis treatment. Gotshall also designed and built the subdivision&#39;s first eight houses between 1925 and 1928. Four additional houses were completed later. The district was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 2003 and the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Manzano Court is a short cul-de-sac opening onto 11th Street with six houses on either side. It incorporates various features drawing inspiration from the City Beautiful movement, including landscaped medians and an ornamental gateway at the entrance to the court, which are unusual in the city. Of the eight contributing houses, seven are Gotshalls original houses at 1000, 1001, 1004, 1008, 1009, 1013, and 1021 Manzano Court. These houses are of differing designs and materials, but share a similar scale and modest Mission Revival details. The eighth contributing house (1025) was built in 1937 and is in the Pueblo Revival style. Three newer houses and one of Gotshalls houses that was remodeled are considered non-contributing.</p><br>
<p>The Aldo Leopold Neighborhood Historic District is a historic district in Albuquerque, New Mexico, which comprises a single block on the west side of 14th Street immediately south of Central Avenue. It is notable for its Craftsman/Bungalow-style houses and as the residence of noted naturalist Aldo Leopold. The district makes up the northernmost section of the Huning Place addition, which was platted in 1913 from a section of the large estate formerly belonging to merchant Franz Huning. The eight houses in the district, all of which are contributing properties, were built between 1913 and 1920. The district was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties and the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. Aldo Leopold&#39;s house at 135 14th St. is also individually listed on the State Register with reference number 1786.</p><br>
<p>The Tomasa Griego de Garcia House is a historic house in the North Valley of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Its exact age is not known, but it was probably built in the mid-1850s and belonged to Tomasa Griego de Garcia until her death in 1890. The property remained in her family&#39;s possession until 1947. In the 1950s, it was purchased by the Koeber family, who enclosed the entrance, rebuilt a collapsed part of the west wing, and added plumbing and electricity. It is located on a private drive just south of another historic building, the Barela–Bledsoe House.</p><br>
<p>The house is a one-story, U-shaped building with a central placita or courtyard. It originally consisted of two separate wings joined by a zaguan, or covered passageway, which was enclosed in the 1950s to create a foyer. On either side of the entrance are the sala or living room to the west and a combined dining room and kitchen to the east, both of which have corner fireplaces and original ceilings consisting of hand-cut boards supported by vigas. The north end of the west wing was rebuilt in the 1950s and contains a bedroom and study. There is also a bedroom at the north end of the east wing. The house has Territorial-style wooden window trim with pedimented lintels. The walls are 24to30 in thick and are constructed from terrones (sod bricks).</p><br>
<p>The Kennedy–Martin–Stelle Farmstead is located at 450 King George Road in Bernards Township of Somerset County, New Jersey. The 4.4 acre farmstead was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 5, 2004 for its significance in architecture, education and politics/government from 1762 to 1852. The farmstead includes four contributing buildings and two contributing structures. It is now the home of the Farmstead Arts Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1762, Reverend Samuel Kennedy of the Presbyterian Church in Basking Ridge purchased the farm from Moses Doty. He advertised a sale of the property for June 17, 1767, and by the late 1770s, Colonel Ephraim Martin became the owner. Martin was an American Revolutionary War soldier and New Jersey legislator. He sold the farm to Oliver and Samuel Stelle, stepsons of his wife. Oliver Stelle became the sole owner and remained here until his death in 1832, with his son Clarkson Stelle inheriting it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The farmhouse is a one and one-half story frame building with a gable roof. The oldest part was built in the 18th century with Dutch Colonial style. The English barn was built in two parts, an 18th century large frame barn and an extension added.</p><br>
<p>The John Parker Tavern is a historic building located at 2 Morristown Road  in the borough of Bernardsville in Somerset County, New Jersey. Originally known as the Vealtown Tavern, it was frequently used by Continental Army soldiers during the American Revolutionary War. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 14, 1978 for its significance in commerce, military history, and local history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>While the exact date of construction is unknown, the tavern was built before the Revolutionary War and owned by Captain John Parker (1747–1781) until his death. American General Anthony Wayne was a frequent guest while in the area. Another guest, known as Dr. Byram, was really Aaron Wilde, a British spy in the area, who was eventually captured and hanged as a spy. It continued operating as a tavern until 1840, when it was sold to Roderick Alexander Kitchell, who used it as a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The tavern is a one and one-half story structure with a gable roof and a one story full length portico. It was modified in 1903, with a one story addition in the rear and in 1969, with a two story addition.</p><br>
<p>The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Building, also known as the Weylin and 175 Broadway, is a former bank building at 175 Broadway in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City. Constructed as the headquarters of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank in 1875 and subsequently expanded several times, it occupies the northwest corner of Broadway and Driggs Avenue, just south of the Williamsburg Bridge. The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Building was designed in the Classical Revival style by George B. Post, with interiors by Peter B. Wight.</p><br>
<p>The portion of the bank building to the east, and the annexes to the west, are designed in the same style. The buildings facade is made of marble, limestone, and sandstone. The main entrance is through a flight of steps on Broadway, leading up to an archway in the original building. The roof contains a large steel dome above the buildings original portion. Inside, a decorative vestibule leads to the original banking room, which has pilasters and archways beneath the painted dome. A second banking room with a smaller dome was to the west, while the bank&#39;s internal offices were to the north.</p><br>
<p>George B. Post was hired to design the 175 Broadway building in 1869 following an architectural design competition, and it opened in June 1875 as the banks third headquarters. The banks business expanded through the late 19th century, prompting the bank to hire the firm of Helmle, Huberty & Hudswell to design an addition from 1903 to 1906. Further expansions occurred in 1923–1925 and 1941–1942. Though the bank moved its headquarters to One Hanson Place in Downtown Brooklyn in 1929, the 175 Broadway building remained in use as a branch. The building&#39;s facade and original banking room are New York City designated landmarks, and the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The Williamsburgh Savings Bank became part of HSBC Bank USA through several mergers, and HSBC sold the building in 2010. Following a renovation, the banking hall became an event space called the Weylin in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Building is at 175 Broadway, at the northwestern corner with Driggs Avenue, in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City. It occupies a rectangular land lot covering, with a frontage of on Driggs Avenue and on Broadway. The city block is bounded by Broadway to the south, Driggs Avenue to the east, South 5th Street to the north, and Bedford Avenue to the west. The northern half of the city block is occupied by the approach ramp of the Williamsburg Bridge, from which the bank building is visible. Nearby locations include the Peter Luger Steak House across Broadway and Kings County Savings Bank one block west.</p><br>
<p>Before the 19th century, the city block was part of Frederick Devoe&#39;s farm. The site had been divided for development in 1834, and the block contained two churches and several houses by the 1850s. The entire northern section of the block was demolished to make way for the Williamsburg Bridge, which opened in 1903.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The bank building is a Classical Revival structure designed by George B. Post and erected in 1875 for the Williamsburgh Savings Bank. The edifice is four stories high with a domed roof. The building blends Roman and Renaissance classical elements, a style that only became popularized two decades after the structure was completed. The firm of Helmle, Huberty & Hudswell designed the 1900s and 1920s additions.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The building&#39;s facade is made of marble, limestone, and sandstone. At ground level, a cast-iron railing runs around the building.</p><br>
<p>Posts original building measures about. The main entrance is on Broadway, where a wide staircase with several steps leads up to the doorway. On either side of the stoop are candelabras. The doorway consists of two bronze doors, recessed within an ornately decorated archway. The arch is composed of double-height piers, above which are pairs of pilasters in the Ionic order. The piers are made of Jonesborough stone, while the pilasters and the archs spandrels are made of amber-spotted granite. Above the pilasters is an entablature and a triangular pediment. The building also contains an arch along Driggs Avenue; it is also flanked by piers and Ionic pilasters but has no pediment. The facade also had a clock.</p><br>
<p>The bank&#39;s 1906 annex is west of the original building and measures about.</p><br>
<p>Above the arched openings on both sections is a low attic clad with stone. An ornate cornice runs above the attic. The drum supports a large cast-iron dome. The dome became a symbol of the bank, leading bank officials to request the inclusion of a dome atop its second headquarters at One Hanson Place (built in 1929), over the objections of that building&#39;s architects Halsey, McCormack and Helmer.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The New York City Department of City Planning cites the building as having around of interior space, Post designed the banks interior as a series of connected spaces. At ground level was an entrance vestibule from Broadway and the original banking room at the center. During the early 20th century, women used the original room and men used the newer room. A monogram with the banks initials, "WSB", appears in hardware and other finishes throughout the building.</p><br>
<h4>Vestibule</h4><br>
<p>The Broadway entrance vestibule, just inside the main staircase from Broadway, was described in the Brooklyn Daily Times as "one of the most beautiful rooms in the building". It is placed beneath a balcony on the south side of the banking room. The vestibule&#39;s floor surface was made of English encaustic tiles. The ceiling had a "deep, warm" design created by Peter B. Wight. The center of the ceiling had a wrought-bronze chandelier with multicolored glass.</p><br>
<p>A full-height partition separated the vestibule from the banking room at the time of the bank&#39;s opening. The partition was made of five full-height plates of French glass, decorated with sand-blown trimmings and separated by wood-and-marble columns. The space had doorways on either side, leading to the corners of the banking room. The Daily Times article described the space as having decorated massive oak doors with bronze finishing and glazed paneling.</p><br>
<h4>Original banking room</h4><br>
<p>The banking room measures. The hall is divided vertically into three sections: a trabeated lower wall, an attic section, and the dome. The encaustic tiles had Persian designs at their centers, surrounded by similarly styled borders. The middle of the room had a tellers desk shaped like a "U". The desk had a granite counter with marble paneling. By 1906, a plate-glass barrier had been placed atop the counter. In the early 2010s, the banking rooms floor was replaced with blocks of marble from Lebanon, as only a quarter of the original Siena marble floor remained; the original marble was used for the bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>The banking room contains clusters of pilasters at each corner, as well as beneath the springers of the arches on each side. These pilasters are placed on Italian marble pedestals.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the arch of the south wall is a recessed vestibule with a balcony above it and piers in front. The eastern section of the south wall has a mahogany double door, surrounded by an ornate stone doorway. It is topped by a granite panel with the word "staircase" inscribed. The balcony has a neo-Grec-style iron railing and connects with small rooms on either side; it is illuminated by a tripartite lunette window. The east and west walls have narrow windows on their southern sections. On the east wall, there is a large tripartite window facing Driggs Avenue, with a lunette above it. A similar window formerly occupied the west wall before 1906, when the second banking room was added. The passageway to the second banking room was flanked by pilasters and had a coffered ceiling; it was sealed in the 1980s. The north wall has single and double wooden doors, surrounded by ornate stone doorways. At the center of the north wall is a metal vault door.</p><br>
<p>Beneath the dome, the oval windows of the drum illuminate the banking room. The windows alternate with black pilasters designed in the Neo-Grec style, accented with red and gold decorations. The windows run above a band of ornaments and carved brackets, which are painted red, gold, green, and cream. Above is a bronze and verd antique balustrade, which originally had 40 gas jets. The gas jets were subsequently removed and a pipe rail installed in their place. A cornice runs just below the dome; it is painted black and accented in red and gold. The dome itself is made of a double cast-iron shell and has a mural by P. B. Wight. The center of the mural is painted blue, with golden rays radiating from the top of the dome. The mural has a border with geometric, Neo-Grec, and floral designs. The dome&#39;s height is variously cited as being, or.</p><br>
<h4>Other spaces</h4><br>
<p>The vault was directly north of the original banking room and is sealed by a lattice-iron vault door with elaborate painting and stenciling. The vault door has an ornate stone frame and is topped by a broken pediment with a barometer, clock, bronze eagle, and tablet. Inscribed on the tablet are the names of the trustees, cashier, building committee, and architect. There was another vault door as well; both were secured with two combination locks. Behind these were latticed iron doors with patent locks, which guarded the trustees private safes. Behind yet another locked latticed door was the banks safe, in which the deposits are kept.</p><br>
<p>The office wing was in the rear. At ground level was the cashiers and presidents offices, a bathroom, and a stairway to the upper stories. The stairway was made of iron and bronze, with a cast bronze finish and a carved mahogany rail. The bank&#39;s committee and the directors met in rooms on the second floor. Above were a pantry and dining room for officers on the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The second banking room is clad with Ohio sandstone and polished granite. It is smaller than the original room, measuring. The dome in the second banking room, inspired by Romes Pantheon, is tall and contains a skylight measuring across. The second banking room was accessed by an arch in the west wall of the main banking room, measuring wide. The tellers counter continued through the arch. A tiled floor and two sculptured drinking fountains were also placed in the second banking room.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Williamsburgh Savings Bank was chartered in 1851. The bank was originally housed in the basement of a church at Bedford Avenue and South 3rd Street; it had 158 depositors and $15,000 in assets. The bank served the City of Williamsburgh, which lost the "h" when it was annexed by the City of Brooklyn in 1854; the bank retained the old name. The bank had earned enough to cover the cost of the second building and its underlying land in its first seven years. In the aftermath of the American Civil War, the bank&#39;s holdings grew considerably. By 1867, the bank had 16,000 clients who had deposited a combined $5 million.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>In March 1867, the bank&#39;s trustees voted to acquire land for a new building. The trustees determined that the intersection of Broadway and Driggs Avenue (the latter of which was then known as Fifth Street) was ideal for a headquarters. The Williamsburgh Savings Bank spent $110,000 in 1869 to acquire a plot, measuring, at Broadway and Driggs Avenue. Property values had risen so dramatically in the preceding years, the Brooklyn Times-Union said the same lot could have been acquired just a few years earlier for $20,000. That March, the bank announced that all the land had been acquired.</p><br>
<p>The trustees decided to host an architectural design competition for the structure. Peter B. Wight, the brother-in-law of bank trustee Samuel Mundy Meeker, received the second-most votes for his French Second Empire style design. Wight&#39;s plan called for a three-and-a-half story structure with a mansard roof and a central "tower" protruding through the roof. It was Wight who had recommended Post to the trustees; the other two architects, Giles and King, were prolific designers in Brooklyn at the time. At a meeting in July 1869, some trustees expressed concerns about not giving Wight the commission, even though Post had received more votes; however, Post was selected as the architect the following month. Post offered to pay Wight $5,000 to decorate the interior.</p><br>
<p>Cornell Iron Works was given the contract for the steelwork; Other contractors involved in the project included masonry supplier J.G. Batterson and woodwork contractor Captain J. W. Van De Water, The construction process was delayed by multiple modifications to the design, the financial crisis caused by the Panic of 1873, and delays on the contractors part. In 1873, the directors acquired portraits of the banks president and five dead trustees, which were planned to be installed in the directors room of the new building. Interior work mostly took place from 1873 to 1874. Wights friend Thomas Stent oversaw the work on behalf of Wight, who lived in Chicago at the time, while Guille, Sarre & Lepelly executed Wights designs. Karl Muller created an allegorical sculptural group for the banks exterior. The structure ultimately cost $700,000 to erect.</p><br>
<h3>Early years and first expansion</h3><br>
<p>The Williamsburgh Savings Bank opened its new building on June 1, 1875. The year after the building opened, the bank had $14 million in deposits from 25,000 accounts. The bank sold its old building in 1876 to lawyer John M. Stearns, who turned the structure into offices and an auction house. The banks business grew rapidly after the new building opened, with $19 million in deposits from 38,000 accounts by 1880 and $25 million from 51,000 accounts by 1885. The bank was so successful that, when a large number of account holders gathered outside the building to deposit money in 1893, passersby thought there was a bank run with mass withdrawals. By the end of the 19th century, the Williamsburg Bridge between Manhattan and Brooklyn was being proposed; the bridges approach ramp was to be just north of the bank building. The bridge, which opened in December 1903, led to a major increase in Williamsburg&#39;s business.</p><br>
<p>By the 1900s, the number of employees had grown so much that some staff had to work in the dimly lit basement. Additionally, modern banks had separate banking rooms for men and women, whereas the Williamsburgh still had one banking room. The bank announced a major expansion in 1902. Helmle, Huberty & Hudswell was hired to design the annex.</p><br>
<p>The annex opened in 1906, and the original banking room was then closed temporarily for renovations costing $300,000. At that point, the bank had 95,000 depositors. The expansion, completed in 1925 to the north of the first annex, entailed adding a glass structure for the staff.</p><br>
<h3>Use as bank branch</h3><br>
<p>Each savings bank in New York had been limited to one location until 1923, when the state legislature passed a law allowing savings banks to construct branches. Following this, in mid-1926, the bank decided to build a headquarters at One Hanson Place, near Downtown Brooklyns transit hub. The 175 Broadway building was to be retained as a branch. A temporary branch at Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues opened in January 1927, and the permanent Hanson Place headquarters opened two years later on April 1, 1929. A life-insurance sales department opened at both of the Williamsburgh Savings Banks branches in 1941. The Broadway branch was expanded once again to the west from 1941 to 1942. The 1940s annex included a dining room, a kitchen, and more space for tellers. The windows in the dome were covered during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Broadway branch hosted events such as an auction of employees&#39; plants for a World War II fundraiser and awards ceremonies for local essay-writing competitions in the 1950s. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the exterior of the 175 Broadway branch as a city landmark in 1966. The newer banking room, in turn, was leased to Williamsburg Family Services sometime in the late 1970s or the 1980s. The building continued to operate as a bank when Republic National Bank acquired the Williamsburgh Savings Bank and its branches in 1986. Republic, in turn, merged with Manhattan Savings Bank three years later.</p><br>
<p>The LPC hosted public hearings in June 1993 to determine whether to designate the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Building&#39;s interior as a city landmark, along with that of three other banks in Brooklyn and two in Manhattan. By the early 21st century, HSBC wished to sell the building, but its design was not suitable for many modern uses, dissuading many potential buyers.</p><br>
<h3>Conversion to event venue</h3><br>
<p>In 2010, Juan Figueroa bought the building and adjacent property from HSBC for $4.5 million. The next year, Figueroa announced that he would convert the building to a banquet hall. Despite opposition from local residents, borough president Eric Adams endorsed a liquor license for the venue. Figueroa also planned a high-rise hotel next to the bank, demolishing the 1941 annex to make way for the hotel. The planned hotel would use both the unused air rights above the bank and a tax credit given to structures listed on the NRHP. The skylight above the original banking room was damaged after having been placed in storage for three-quarters of a century. The walls no longer matched their original colors, while the woodwork appeared green. The second banking hall had long been sealed.</p><br>
<p>Figueroas cousin, Carlos Perez San Martin, moved from Argentina to help renovate the building. Later that year, the National Trust for Historic Preservation granted the Tony Goldman Preservation Award, recognizing the quality of the buildings renovation. The New York Landmarks Conservancy also hosted its 2014 Lucy G. Moses Preservation Awards in the banking room, giving one award to the building itself.</p><br>
<p>The building hosted events for companies such as Brooklyn Brewery, Google, Gucci, Rag & Bone, TEDx, Uber, and Vogue. It was also used for weddings and appeared as a filming location for several TV shows and films. In addition, events such as the annual Whiskey Extravaganza were booked at the venue. Perez San Martin spent an extra $1 million in the late 2010s to upgrade lighting and audio, as well as other systems related to theatrical and event productions. In March 2020, because of restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the Weylin was forced to close temporarily. The venue continued to schedule events during its closure, and it reopened in March 2021 after some COVID-19 restrictions were lifted.</p><br>
<p>The Bowery Savings Bank Building, also known as 130 Bowery, is an event venue and former bank building in the Little Italy and Chinatown neighborhoods of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Constructed for the defunct Bowery Savings Bank from 1893 to 1895, it occupies an L-shaped site bounded by Bowery to the east, Grand Street to the south, and Elizabeth Street to the west. The Bowery Savings Bank Building was designed by Stanford White of McKim, Mead & White. Since 2002, it has hosted an event venue called Capitale. The building&#39;s facade and interior are New York City designated landmarks, and the building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The buildings basement is clad with a granite water table, while the superstructure is clad with Indiana limestone. The exterior features Corinthian columns and sculpted pediments by Frederic MacMonnies. The main entrance is through a triumphal arch on the relatively narrow Bowery elevation, which is designed to resemble a Corinthian temple. The Grand Street and Elizabeth Street elevations contain Corinthian pilasters, and there is a secondary entrance portico on Grand Street. The interior was designed to give the impression of a Roman temple, with a waiting room to the east and a banking room to the west. Both spaces are decorated with mosaic-tile floors and marble colonnades, and the banking room also features a double-height coffered ceiling with a square skylight. A bank vault and offices for the president and secretary were to the west of the banking room, while a directors room was placed above the waiting room.</p><br>
<p>The Bowery Savings Bank was founded in 1834, occupying a house at 128 Bowery; this structure was replaced with a larger building in 1853. The bank acquired additional land through the late 19th century and announced plans for a new headquarters in 1891. Construction on the banking room commenced in May 1893, and the banking hall opened in June 1894. The waiting room was built as part of a second phase that was completed in 1895. The building remained relatively unchanged in the 20th century as the Bowery Savings Bank continued to expand. The Bowery Savings Bank&#39;s successor company, Greenpoint Bank, sold the building to Jeffrey Wu in 2000. The Capitale event venue opened in October 2002, and the building was sold again in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Bowery Savings Bank Building is on 130 Bowery, in the Little Italy and Chinatown neighborhoods of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The L-shaped building is bounded by Bowery to the east, Grand Street to the south, and Elizabeth Street to the west. It wraps around the Bowery Bank of New York Building at 124 Bowery, which occupies the northwest corner of Bowery and Grand Street. It consists of two primary sections: an eastern portion on Bowery, measuring 50 ft wide and 100 ft deep, and a western portion on Grand and Elizabeth Streets, measuring 100 by 100 feet. This gives the site a total depth of 200 ft between Bowery and Elizabeth Street. The site covers 15,002 ft2. Because of the street grid of the surrounding neighborhood, none of the building&#39;s sides are parallel.</p><br>
<p>The current building is the third to be built for the Bowery Savings Bank on the same site. It was built on an assemblage of six land lots: two on Bowery and four on Elizabeth and Grand Streets. The lot at 128 Bowery was previously occupied by the Butchers and Drovers Bank, which had been founded in 1830 and later became the Bowery Savings Banks first building on the site. This structure had been torn down to make way for the Bowery Savings Banks second building, which opened in 1853. The four lots on Elizabeth and Grand Streets had contained houses until 1893.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Bowery Savings Bank Building was designed by Stanford White of McKim, Mead & White and was built between 1893 and 1895. The contractor was David H. King Jr. It was one of three major bank buildings that White designed during the 1890s recession, the others being the New York Life Building at 346 Broadway and the State Savings Bank of Detroit. The building is designed in the Classical Revival and Beaux-Arts styles. According to architectural historian Leland M. Roth, the building was "designed to stimulate and elevate", similarly to McKim, Mead & Whites designs for the Boston Public Library and the Worlds Columbian Exposition.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The buildings facade is split into two sections: the Bowery elevation and the connected Grand Street and Elizabeth Street elevations. According to Stanford Whites descendants, the buildings exterior "invoked the authority of ancient Rome" with its design details, including porticos on Bowery and on Grand Street. Wrought iron grilles are also placed in front of numerous windows and doors. The buildings basement is clad with a granite water table, while the superstructure is clad with Indiana limestone. In addition, the roof is largely covered with Roman tile, except above the banking room, where there is a glass skylight with metal ribs.</p><br>
<h4>Bowery</h4><br>
<p>The main entrance is through the relatively narrow Bowery elevation. The facade consists of a triumphal arch, which in turn is surrounded by a frame that is designed like a Corinthian temple. Iron lamps and bronze signs are also placed next to the entrance.</p><br>
<p>Above the columns and pilasters is an architrave with acroteria. The center of the architrave contains a tablet surrounded by floral motifs; the words "The Bowery Savings Bank" are inscribed on the tablet in capital letters. The pediment depicts a clock flanked by two figures, each accompanied by a lion. The figures, depicting a man and woman, represent the concepts of time and industry. The attic of the Bowery elevation rises above the pediment. There are three anthemion-shaped acroteria on the attic: one on either end of the facade and one directly above the center of the pediment. In addition, the attic is decorated with lions&#39; masks and antefixes.</p><br>
<h4>Grand Street and Elizabeth Street</h4><br>
<p>The Grand Street and Elizabeth Street elevations are connected, but the decorations on both elevations do not wrap around the corner. According to architectural critic Russell Sturgis, this was done not only to give the impression of an "applied facade" but also to hide the fact that the two streets met at an obtuse angle. Both elevations contain Corinthian pilasters, which divide either elevation into five bays. Except for the center bay on Grand Street, each bay contains a large aedicular window at ground level, above which is a plaque or a smaller window. The windows are covered by metal grilles, and a cornice runs above the attic on both elevations.</p><br>
<p>The center bay on Grand Street contains a secondary doorway, which has iron lamps and bronze signs. One of the women is depicted placing a laurel of garlands over her lion&#39;s head, while the other woman is depicted placing ribbons on her lion.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior was intended to give the impression of a Roman temple. The banking room features a double-height coffered ceiling with a square skylight, supported by double-height Corinthian columns. Marble is used extensively in the tellers counters, walls, and mosaic floors. In addition, White employed stairs and skylights made of cast iron. The skylights allowed natural light into the building, while cast-iron registers and radiators, integrated with the rest of the banks design, respectively provided hot air and hot water. The basement contained a restaurant, an electric plant, and boilers, in addition to heavyweight safes.</p><br>
<p>After the building was converted into an event venue in 2002, a VIP seating area with a fireplace was placed one story above the main banking room.</p><br>
<h4>Waiting room</h4><br>
<p>Because the Bowery Savings Bank was mostly intended for working-class clients, White designed a waiting room on the narrower eastern section of the plot. The colonnades separated the main section of the room from "aisles" to the north and south. Because the layout resembled that of a basilica, the space was nicknamed "the Chapel". The waiting room was used mainly by customers who were withdrawing money, since the process for withdrawals was extremely laborious. Above the waiting room was a directors&#39; room.</p><br>
<p>The waiting room&#39;s floor is made of mosaic tiles. The floor largely consists of gray and white tesserae, although there are marble floor slabs between the columns on the north and south walls. The floor is surrounded by red, orange, yellow, and black tesserae, which are arranged in classical-style check, meander, and wave patterns. Two revolving doors lead from the Bowery entrance on the east; originally, men used the northern door and women used the southern door. Both sets of revolving doors are made of sheet metal and are flanked by Corinthian pilasters with brass capitals. A railing formerly divided the room into a northern section for men and a southern section for women.</p><br>
<p>The columns on the north and south walls rest on white-marble pedestals and are made of black-veined marble, which has been repainted. The columns contain Ionic capitals. In the center three bays on the north and south walls, there were seating areas with railings. above which are panels decorated with fretwork and floral motifs.</p><br>
<h4>Banking room</h4><br>
<p>The banking room was designed to maximize space usage on the irregular lot. The central portion of the banking room surrounded by two-story-tall Corinthian columns. The columns are arranged in a square layout of five by five bays. Although the bays are of equal width on the west and east walls, the center bay on the north and south walls is slightly wider than the other bays. The south wall is parallel to Grand Street, but, because of the 98-degree angle between Grand and Elizabeth Streets, there is a triangular aisle on the west wall next to Elizabeth Street. As planned, the columns were to be made of "Mycenean marble". The columns are similar in design to those in the waiting room, but the pedestals are made of Siena marble. Each of the columns is aligned with a double-height Corinthian pilaster on the room&#39;s outer walls.</p><br>
<p>The banking room&#39;s mosaic-tile floors are similar in design to those in the waiting room. Between the double-height columns are rectangular floor panels with red, yellow, and black tesserae arranged in an ornate pattern. The walls are largely made of gypsum plaster, although the lower section of the wall includes a Siena-marble dado. There are mahogany doors on the eastern wall, which lead to other rooms. At ground level, the western and southern walls contain aedicular windows, each of which is flanked by Ionic pilasters and is topped by an architrave and a triangular pediment. Above are molded grotesque-like frames, which surround windows or marble panels. The northern and eastern walls contain aedicular blind openings on ground level and marble panels above. The northern two bays of the eastern wall originally contained windows, which have since been covered. Above the upper windows and panels is an architrave decorated with swags in high relief.</p><br>
<p>The banking room&#39;s northern aisle contains a travertine stairway to the basement. Directly above is a cast-iron staircase to the second floor, held up by three stylized Corinthian columns. The second-floor stairway contains an ornate steel-and-brass balustrade decorated with semicircle motifs, as well as marble treads. The second-floor staircase leads to a cast-iron balcony with a wooden floor. On the south wall is the entrance vestibule from Grand Street, which contains a white marble floor and gray-marble walls. The Grand Street entrance is flanked by Ionic pilasters, which support a small porch.</p><br>
<p>The middle of the banking room had a Siena-marble tellers desk measuring 8 ft high. The presidents and secretary&#39;s rooms were separated from the main banking room by glazed partitions made of mahogany, although most of the partitions have since been removed. Mahogany panels also surround a cloakroom to the west of the vault, as well as a restroom in the west aisle.</p><br>
<p>The center of the ceiling contains a pyramidal skeletal-steel skylight measuring 50 x across. The remainder of the ceiling is generally made of gypsum plaster. The ceiling originally contained spiked lanterns, most of which have been removed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Original structures</h3><br>
<p>The Bowery Savings Bank opened on June 2, 1834, in a three-story house at 128 Bowery, receiving $2,020 from fifty customers on its first day. The site had been occupied by the Butchers and Drovers Bank; at first, the two banks shared the building, operating at different times of day. By 1836, the Butchers and Drovers Bank relocated next door to 124 Bowery. The Bowery banks trustees hired the firm of Thomas & Son to design an Italianate structure at 128 and 130 Bowery, the banks second building on the site. and it opened in March 1853. The second building included a U-shaped tellers&#39; counter, a ceiling skylight, and basement vaults.</p><br>
<p>The bank bought further land lots in 1856, 1864, and 1865. The first expansion, in 1856, was built with an iron frame, which the bank officials believed would be resistant to burglaries and conflagrations. A ventilation system was installed in 1865, In addition, the bank implemented a new bookkeeping system in 1879, grouping depositors&#39; ledgers into sections overseen by different bookkeepers.</p><br>
<p>By the 1870s, there were many savings banks on the surrounding segment of Bowery. Many of lower Manhattans savings banks were moving uptown during that time, as many of their depositors had started relocating northward. Contravening this trend, the Bowery Savings Banks officials said in 1876 that it would continue to serve the surrounding community, and bank officials began planning to expand the existing building instead. By 1884, the bank had an L-shaped frontage on Grand and Elizabeth Streets and on Bowery. The bank&#39;s second building was overcrowded by the early 1890s.</p><br>
<h3>Replacement</h3><br>
<p>In November 1891, the Bowery Savings Banks trustees paid $155,500 for three 25 by land lots The trustees invited Charles W. Clinton, Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz, George B. Post, Napoleon LeBrun, and McKim, Mead & White to participate in an architectural design competition for the site. The bank also organized a subcommittee, which went to six savings bank buildings in Manhattan and Brooklyn to gain inspiration for the new buildings design. The subcommittee then outlined their requirements for the competition, which called for a banking room to the west and a waiting room to the east. The five participating architects submitted their design proposals to the bank in September 1892. Architectural professor William Robert Ware reviewed all of the entries and recommended that the bank use McKim, Mead & White&#39;s design; the details of the other four proposals are unknown.</p><br>
<p>Work on the western part of the site began in May 1893, following the expiration of existing leases. The bank&#39;s existing building initially continued to operate as normal during this time, although a gallery was added within the old building.</p><br>
<p>The new banking room on Grand and Elizabeth Streets was in operation by June 1894. At this point, the bank had just over 100,000 depositors. According to a book about the Bowery Savings Bank, "Particular pride was taken in the enormous vaults, which were constructed with protective ingenuity beyond that applied to any similar storage facilities in the world." The older building was then demolished, and the waiting room and directors room were constructed on the eastern part of the site. The eastern section of the building opened in January 1895. The waiting rooms decorations were still being completed at the end of that year, at which point the bank had spent $570,000 on the new building.</p><br>
<h3>Use as bank</h3><br>
<p>In the 25 years after the new bank building opened, the Bowery Savings Bank continued to expand due to the rapid population growth of the Lower East Side. Although the bank had 140,000 accounts by 1904, it had only four tellers, two draft clerks, and an information clerk. Customers could create a new account or deposit money relatively easily, since male and female customers used the same window for either task. On the other hand, the process of withdrawing money was much more complex, and customers frequently had to wait in the "Chapel" for two or three hours. By World War I, many of the area&#39;s residents had relocated northward, leaving the bank "too far downtown to continue the fullest exercise of its functions", but the bank was still unable to relocate from the Bowery neighborhood or open a branch.</p><br>
<p>The Bowery Savings Bank had wanted to open a branch in Midtown Manhattan since the early 20th century. The bank decided to construct a new structure at 110 East 42nd Street in 1920, and construction of the new branch began in 1921. Taking advantage of an exemption in New York state law, the bank acquired the Universal Savings Bank in lower Manhattan, which then relocated to 42nd Street. By the time the 42nd Street branch opened in 1923, there were 155,000 people with accounts at the Bowery Savings Bank, of which 5,600 were at the 42nd Street branch. The bank retained its original offices on Bowery.</p><br>
<p>The Bowery Savings Bank installed safe-deposit boxes in its Bowery branch in April 1930. The bank had introduced safe-deposit boxes at its 42nd Street branch the previous year, and the boxes were highly popular with that branch&#39;s customers. The bank started selling life insurance in 1942. To attract customers, the Bowery Savings Bank placed weighing scales in the building for its patrons. The building also hosted events in the mid-20th century, including meetings of the East Side Chamber of Commerce, training programs for schoolchildren, and art exhibitions.</p><br>
<p>As the Bowery Savings Bank continued to grow, the 130 Bowery building remained the banks main branch. By 1972, the bank had over $3 billion in deposits at ten branches. During this time, bank officials said they were "very pleased" with the Bowery branch, due to the growth in the number of Chinese depositors. The Bowery Savings Bank was acquired by H. F. Ahmanson & Co. in 1987, two years after it nearly went bankrupt. Greenpoint Bank took over the banking spaces in 1995 after having bought many of Ahmansons branches. The building continued to host events such as an exhibit of historic photographs.</p><br>
<h3>Use as event venue</h3><br>
<p>In 2000, Greenpoint Bank sold the Bowery Savings Bank Building to food importer and developer Jeffrey Wu. Subsequently, Wu hired architect Anthony J. Moralishvili to design plans for converting the building into a catering hall. Wu also negotiated with potential catering-hall operators, including Cipriani S.A. Nightclub manager Margaret Millard announced in January 2002 that she wanted to turn the building into an event venue called Capitale, named as an allusion to the bank&#39;s history. Millard had not yet formally leased the building from Wu, who supported the plans and had spent the previous year renovating the structure. Manhattan Community Board 2 asked the New York State Liquor Authority to deny the venue a liquor license, but the authority granted the license anyway.</p><br>
<p>Seth Greenberg, who later became Capitales general manager, leased the building and renovated it into an event space. the interior of the building remained relatively intact during this time. Prior to the venues opening, Greenberg said of the buildings location on Bowery: "I think that the fact that were here will make us sort of an anchor for other places to follow". Capitale opened in late 2002 and quickly became popular among celebrities. Among the venues early guests were Donald Trump, Justin Timberlake, David Blaine, and Dan Aykroyd. Capitales business mainly consisted of private events,</p><br>
<p>Michael and David Marvisi bought the building for $33 million in 2017. Paramount Realty and Atelier WM placed 130 Bowery for sale in early 2019. Paramount and Atelier considered marketing the building for sale without any tenants, but a spokesperson for Capitale contested this move, saying their lease did not expire until 2032. The Capitale event space inside the building closed indefinitely during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. and they filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in September 2022 after defaulting on their $12 million loan. The Marvisis requested permission to sell the building to SC Holdings in July 2023,</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<p>White&#39;s choice of a Roman classical style set a trend for bank buildings, first in New York, then across the United States. The structure was one of the first bank buildings in the nation with natural ventilation and marble surfaces that could be cleaned easily. Henry Hope Reed Jr. wrote of the building in 1984: "It was claimed, on the basis of the monumental portico and lofty interior banking hall, that this was the first truly splendid bank building in New York City." Christopher Gray of The New York Times wrote in 2010: "The bank as a work of architecture went from the merely big to the colossal with the Bowery Savings Bank of 1895." New York University architecture professor Lance Jay Brown said the building "still stands as a marker of a pivotal moment in the history of American architecture".</p><br>
<p>The buildings design also had a positive impact on the surrounding neighborhood. Sandee Brawarsky of The New York Times said in 2000 that the Bowery Savings Bank Building was "a monumental temple of a bank near Grand Street that gives the Bowery a bit of grandeur". Fred Ferretti of the Times described the building as "a sort of fortress on the Bowery", denoting the eastern end of Manhattans Little Italy neighborhood. Other authors wrote that the structure also served as the "architectural anchor" of Bowery in the 20th century, when the corridor was a skid row.</p><br>
<p>Critics praised the building&#39;s details as well. Mimi Sheraton of the Times said: "One can only imagine the awe with which these refugees from the slums of Naples and Canton and the shtetls of Poland and Russia entered this magnificent cathedral of a bank with its marble, brass and mosaics, to deposit small savings proudly." Nick Paumgarten of The New Yorker characterized the interior in 2003 as having "nearly an acre of marble", with potted palm trees,</p><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the exterior of the 130 Bowery branch as a city landmark in 1966. along with those of four banks in Brooklyn and another bank in Manhattan. The building was added in 2013 to the Bowery Historic District, an NRHP district, after local residents had advocated for the historic district&#39;s creation for more than a year.</p><br>
<p>The Kline Farmhouse, also known as Cold Spring Cottage, is located on a 12 acre farm along County Route 517 , north of Oldwick in Tewksbury Township of Hunterdon County, New Jersey. Built by Jacob Kline in the 1790s, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 11, 1984, for its significance in agriculture, architecture and settlement. Also known as the Beavers House, it was previously documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1966. It was later listed as a contributing property of the Oldwick Historic District in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The farmhouse was built in the 1790s by Jacob Kline, an elder at the Zion Lutheran Church in Oldwick and a county freeholder. The one and one-half story frame building overlooks a spring that feeds the Cold Brook, a tributary of the Lamington River. After Kline died in 1823, the property was sold to Joseph Bartles and Benjamin Van Doren, husbands of two of his daughters.</p><br>
<p>The Stoutsburg Sourland African American Museum  is a history museum located in the Skillman section of Montgomery Township, New Jersey, United States. The museum is located at the Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church, an African Methodist Episcopal church constructed in 1899. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 7, 2021.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>SSAAM was founded by historians Elaine Buck and Beverly Mills, whose 2018 book If These Stones Could Talk chronicles the history of the African American presence in the Sourland Mountain region of central New Jersey. The museum emerged from a partnership between the Stoutsburg Cemetery Association and the Sourland Conservancy.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>As of December 2021, the museum is still under development as Mt. Zion AME Church undergoes historic restoration work. When open, SSAAM plans to present historical exhibits and other public programming to educate visitors about African American history in New Jersey. It was added to the New Jersey Black Heritage Trail in 2024.</p><br>
<h2>Mt. Zion AME Church</h2><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The Mt. Zion AME Church was originally established in 1866 by African American residents, the descendants of both free and enslaved people, of the Sourland Mountain area.</p><br>
<p>From the 19th century until the 1930s, the Mt. Zion AME Church organized "camp meetings" each summer to benefit the local community. These events included sermons, singing, and food.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological investigation</h3><br>
<p>In December 2020, SSAAM partnered with the Archaeological Society of New Jersey to conduct an archaeological dig at the site of the Mt. Zion AME Church. The investigation uncovered approximately 250 artifacts dating to the late-19th century and 20th century, including window glass, nails and bricks, and ceramics.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>SSAAM has been awarded multiple grants to conduct restoration and historic preservation work at the church, including Somerset County Historic Preservation Grants in 2016 and 2021; a 2018 grant from the New Jersey Historic Trust and 1772 Foundation; and a 2019 grant from the Somerset County Open Space, Recreation, Farmland and Historic Preservation Trust Fund.</p><br>
<p>The Colburn Hotel, in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Denver, Colorado, was built in 1925. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020. In 1928 the hotel changed ownership.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 10-story tripartite brick building was designed by architect William N. Bowman, who designed more than 30 buildings in Denver. The three-part design consists of the first and second floors which form the base which is clad in tan-colored brick. The shaft of the three part design extends from the third to the ninth floors, covered in red as well as tan brick. The capital forms the third element of the design, comprising the tenth floor and the attic floor, both of which are covered with tan brick.</p><br>
<p>The interior lobby includes plaster and gypsum walls, mirrored French doors and wall-to-wall carpeting. Each floor has eleven small apartments ranging from 250 to 300 square feet, some of which have en suite bathrooms, while others share bathrooms with honeycomb-shaped tile floors.</p><br>
<p>A bar began operating on the first floor in the mid-1940s.</p><br>
<p>In 2022, it was still in operation as Charlie Brown&#39;s Bar and Grill.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 1947, Neal Cassady, Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg reportedly spent time there. It became "Charlie Brown&#39;s" in 1964, and remains open in 2019.</p><br>
<p>The hotel fell into underuse in the late 1970s, and in 1989 it stopped operating as a hotel. Between 2018–19 an 8-million dollar renovation that transformed the structure into low-income housing, funded by Federal Historic Tax Credits. The lobby, hallways and floor-plans maintain their historical character.</p><br>
<p>In 2021 the historic hotel was operating as a transitional housing building.</p><br>
<p>Gower Cemetery is a historic African American cemetery located in Edmond, Oklahoma. It was established in 1889 by a formerly enslaved couple named Ophelia and John Gower who allowed other families of color and indigent people to bury their dead on their land for free.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The burial ground was recognized by the State of Oklahoma in 1907. The Gower&#39;s granddaughter worked to have the site added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 as the sole surviving proof of a former black homesteading community in that location. It is estimated that 200 individuals are interred at the site which is located east of Interstate 35 on Covel Road between Douglas and Post Roads.</p><br>
<p>Old Main, originally known as University Hall and Main Hall, is a historic university building at the University of South Dakota. Originally built in 1883, it is the oldest building on campus, despite having been rebuilt after an 1893 fire. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and functions</h2><br>
<p>The original University Hall was constructed by Sioux Falls architect Wallace L. Dow in a mixed architectural style, but with undoubtable Scandinavian influence. The new 1893 building has a marked Colonial Revival influence. It consists of a central three-story building, the main door facing south, with two-story wings on its east and west sides. It was constructed from pink quartzite taken from a quarry near Sioux Falls and sandstone trim along the windows, doors, and corners of the building. Friezes, box cornices, and brackets adorn the exterior of the building, mainly made out of stamped sheet metal. The building has four cupolas: two on the central building and one on each wing. An apse on the northern end of the central building houses Farber Hall, a small theatre that doubles as a lecture hall. The most noticeable feature of the building is the large spire atop the central building.</p><br>
<p>Besides still hosting classes, Old Main is home to Farber Hall, named for Dr. William O. Farber, where lectures and other events are held. The University Honors Program offices and the Oscar Howe Gallery are located on the ground floor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the University of South Dakota (then simply the University of Dakota) began holding classes in 1883, it was operating out of rented space in a building in downtown Vermillion. University Hall was the first building in the former Dakota Territory to be specifically built for an institution of higher public education. Using $10,000 in bonds proceeds raised by Clay County, the west wing of University Hall was completed in 1883, and the university moved in. The central tower of the building was constructed between 1884 and 1885, and the final east wing was completed in 1887.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, University Hall caught fire. The interior was gutted but the exterior remained standing, and the hall began being rebuilt immediately. Over $42,500 was raised by the county and citizens of Vermillion for the repairs. Some materials used in the reconstruction included retired building materials from the 1893 World&#39;s Fair in Chicago. Among these repurposed materials were the metal friezes on the exterior front of the building, which can still be viewed today. These renovations were completed in August 1899.</p><br>
<p>Several other buildings have been constructed in the decades since the university was founded, but Old Main still sits at the center of campus. Major renovations were completed between 1993 and 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Mutual Savings Bank Building, is a building located at 700 Market Street at the corner of Kearny, Market, and Geary Streets in the Financial District in San Francisco, California. It was built in 1902 and was designed by architect, William F. Curlett in the French Renaissance Revival style. The 12-story building was one of San Francisco&#39;s earliest skyscrapers. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 22, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mutual Savings Bank was founded in 1889 by James Phelan, James D. Phelan, James G. Fair, James K. Moffitt, and other directors. In 1900, the bank commission architect, William F. Curlett, to design a building for the prominent corner of Market and Kearny Streets. It was completed in 1902 as the third largest building in San Francisco with 12-stories. The Mahony Bros. supervised the construction, which has a steel framework throughout, two stories of Raymond granite, and ten stories of Colusa sandstone, limestone and terracotta with a mansard roof.</p><br>
<p>The building survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and suffered only moderate damage. The repair was supervised by William Curlett.</p><br>
<p>The Mutual Savings Bank building was sold to the First Federal Trust Company, a subsidiary of the First Federal National Bank in 1919. The building was then sold to the Esberg family in October 1919. Later that year the property was purchased by real-estate mogul George Whittell Sr., founder of the Whittell Reality Company. The building was owned and managed for the next fifty years by the Whittell Reality Co.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, Citizens&#39; Savings & Loan Association purchased the Mutual Savings Bank Building and the neighboring Flannery Building.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1964, Charles W. Moore was hired as the lead architect to build a 12-story reinforced-concrete annex in the Modern or early Postmodern style. Moore convinced the bankers to retain the old Mutual Savings Bank Building and construct an addition on the site of the old five-story H. P. Flannery Building. This decision was unusual during the height of High Corporate Modernism when older skyscrapers in San Francisco were being torn down and replaced.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, a ten-story addition was designed by Charles F. Bloszies to retain the 1902 buildings historic integrity. The design complied with the Secretary of the Interiors Standards for Rehabilitation. The addition is left of the Mutual Savings Bank building. The structure of the new building is classical, with metal fins that project out as sunscreens above the windows on the south-facing elevation. The roof terrace of the new addition has a privately owned public space (POPOS), with an rooftop garden and views of the city.</p><br>
<p>The Mutual Savings Bank Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Dean Belbas Center, referred to simply as the Belbas Center or the Old Armory, is a historic building on the University of South Dakota campus. Originally constructed in 1905 as an armory, it has been repurposed multiple times over the years; it has served as a barracks, an athletics building, and a recreation ground. Currently, the admissions, registrar, and financial aid offices are located there.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The armory was designed by Minnesotan architects Frank Kinney and Menno Detweiler in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, although it also boasts Grecian-style windows. The building is made out of rough-cut stone and brick, with a base of red Sioux Quartzite. Castle-like turrets sit on the southeast and southwest corners. A flag tower on top of the southwestern tower was removed in the 1960s. It is three stories in the northern half but only two stories in the south half.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The University of South Dakota was lacking space by 1900 and began constructing new buildings at that time. The new armory and gymnasium building was completed in January 1905, with the intent of being used mainly as a military base. The interior was largely open; the space could be used for military drills as well as sports and recreation. By 1907, it became clear that a military presence on campus was not necessary, and the building became a full-time athletics facility. It was here that all of USD&#39;s home basketball games were held until 1929. Due to its open floor plan, it also became an ideal venue for student organizations to host parties and dances.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, with World War I drawing to a close, the building shifted back into the secondary role of a campus arsenal and barracks. The campus ROTC also had its headquarters here. In 1929, a new armory building was completed, which today is the Al Neuharth Media Center. All military operations moved into the new building, and the Old Armory became home to the women&#39;s gymnasium and physical education program. It was used in this capacity until the mid-1960s, at which time it became a multipurpose space that housed the campus radio, a dance class space, and a general wellness center. By the 1980s, it was used only as storage and as a facilities management building.</p><br>
<p>Inman House, formerly known as the University of South Dakota Alumni House, is a historic American building in Vermillion, South Dakota. It is currently a private residence for the President of the University of South Dakota. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This house was built in 1882 as a private residence by Darwin M. and Adele Inman after the couple lost their previous home in the 1881 Vermillion flood. Darwin, a native of New York state, had moved to the area in 1874. Darwin used his influence to successfully campaign for state funds to build the University of Dakota (now the University of South Dakota) in Vermillion; once it was installed, he served as president of the executive committee and later as a trustee. Darwin also founded the First National Bank of Vermillion and served as president there until his death in 1913. After Adele had also passed away, a relative donated the house to the University of South Dakota in 1941. It became the official residence of the president of USD until 1968, at which time the USD Alumni Association and the USD Historical Preservation Center moved their headquarters there. After it was added to the NRHP in 1976, Inman House returned to its function as a university presidential residence. When Inman House underwent interior renovations in 2018, the property next door—403 East Main Street—was also purchased. This neighboring property was turned into Founders Park in late 2021.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original two-story frame was completed in 1882; in 1883, the Inmans added another two-story addition. Darwin did renovations around 1900, removing the original gingerbread trim and replacing it with Neo-Classical decor. Four two-story Ionic columns support the large pediment above the front entrance and porch. Around the back of the building is a large sunroom that projects into the backyard. The interior is meticulously decorated; the Inmans trimmed their wallpaper with 14 karat gold and had murals painted across the walls and ceilings of the parlor. It is notable as "the most outstanding example of a Neo-Classical style home in Vermillion".</p><br>
<p>The Ridenour-Baker Grocery Company Building in Kansas City, Missouri was a commercial building constructed in 1910 by the Ridenour-Baker Grocery Company. It was the first wholesale grocery building west of the Mississippi River to be located on the path of a railway, where goods could be shipped into it directly. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>In 1858, Peter Ridenour and Harlow Baker established the Ridenour-Baker Grocery Company in Lawrence, Kansas, but the development of the railroad system and the conjunction of several key railway lines along the Missouri River drew them to the West Bottoms neighborhood of Kansas City, Missouri, where they relocated and built their first company building in 1878. The location gave the company the advantage of having goods shipped directly to it from passing trains; it was the first wholesale grocery building west of the Mississippi River to be situated in this way, and soon after, all four of Ridenour and Baker&#39;s grocery competitors in Kansas City relocated their warehouses to also be near railways.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, flood waters submerged much of the West Bottoms, damaging the original building, and construction on a new building began in 1910. In 1914, in response to a fire that swept through the complex, Ridenour and Baker chose to reconstruct the 1910 company building using fireproof reinforced concrete (at the time, a new state-of-the-art construction material) rather than brick. In addition to storing goods, the building served as the production line for Ridenour-Baker&#39;s own brand of goods–coffee, spices, peanuts, and other goods–under the label "F.F.O.G" ("First Fruit of the Garden," or, during World War I, "First Finance Our Government").</p><br>
<p>The construction of Kansas City Union Station in a more central part of the city in 1914 shifted the focus of the local railway lines away from the West Bottoms, and the rise of new Midwestern supply centers in other states after World War I eroded Kansas City&#39;s primacy in the warehouse storage and wholesale market. The postwar decline in business caused the Ridenour-Baker Grocery Company to dissolve in 1936.</p><br>
<h2>Weld Wheel</h2><br>
<p>In 1978, the building was occupied by Weld Wheel Industries, a Kansas City manufacturer of wheels for racing cars founded by race car driver Greg Weld. By the early 2000s, Weld Wheel had outgrown the space, which was not suitable for manufacturing, and the company relocated to a new facility in 2003, leaving the building vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Residential development plans</h2><br>
<p>In 2013, real estate developer Wayne Reeder purchased the property and, in 2015, received approval for a plan to turn the building into residential lofts.</p><br>
<p>In April 2023, the Kansas City development board approved plans to demolish the building after which the first phase of New York-based developer SomeraRoad’s plans to revamp more than 20 acres in the area</p><br>
<p>In March 2024, demolition began on the building. Demolition was completed on May 19 with the implosion of the main building.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank Building of Vermillion, also known as the Old Bank Building, is a historic building at 1 East Main Street in Vermillion, South Dakota. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The original building was constructed in 1893 out of granite in the Romanesque Revival style. Darwin H. Inman, an early investor and founder of Vermillion, founded D.H. Inman and Company in 1875, which became the First National Bank of Vermillion. Originally located on Broadway Street, an 1881 flood destroyed most of Vermillion; however, the bank building survived and moved atop the bluff to the corner of Main and Court Streets. By 1890, the bank was thriving and was dubbed "one of the most viable and prosperous private banking firms in Dakota". Inman had it chartered as the First National Bank of Vermillion in 1891, making it Vermillion&#39;s first chartered bank. An 1892 fire destroyed the building, but it was rebuilt in 1893; it is this structure that still stands today. The bank became the center of financial business in Vermillion; it provided vital loans to farmers and even gave out Christmas presents to customers. Inman died in 1913; his residence is also listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<p>By 1925, under the leadership of the second president Myron Thompson, the bank had become the largest financial institution in Clay County. After Thompson&#39;s death in 1929, The First National Bank of Vermillion was sold to a holding company before it merged with the Vermillion National Bank, and the new owners completed a major remodel in February 1930. The outside facade was extended to include a small neighboring building and was redone in a Classical Revival style. "First National Bank & Trust Co." is engraved on the top cornice. Four stone pilasters now divide the exterior into five parts, each containing large rectangular windows. Modillion blocks, subtle stone quoins, and geometric designs popular during this era decorate the surface. In the 1980s, it was being used as offices and then entered a period of vacancy. It was the site of RED Steakhouse from 2010 until 2020, when the restaurant announced its closing.</p><br>
<p>The Sibley County Courthouse and Sheriff&#39;s Residence and Jail are two adjacent government buildings in Gaylord, Minnesota, United States. They were built in 1916 and serve as the seat of government for Sibley County. An annex to the courthouse was added in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sibley County&#39;s seat of government was originally in Henderson, on the eastern edge of the county along the transportation artery of the Minnesota River. After occupying a variety of commercial buildings, the first permanent Sibley County Courthouse was erected there in 1879. The more centrally located town of Gaylord was founded in the early 1880s along the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway, the first rail line laid through Sibley County. As a transportation hub for the surrounding farmland, Gaylord boomed. For 25 years residents of Gaylord and western Sibley County campaigned to have the county seat moved, but failed three times when put to the popular vote until a decisive victory in 1915. The decision catalyzed a flurry of additional building in Gaylord, most prominently the new government complex.</p><br>
<p>The Sibley County Courthouse and Jail were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 for their state-level significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government. They were nominated for their fine architecture and for being prominent symbols of Gaylord&#39;s sustained growth from its founding in the 1880s through the early 20th century, for which it gained county seat status.</p><br>
<p>The August F. Poehler House is a historic house in Henderson, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1884 for shopowners August and Emilie Poehler and their six children. Since 1949 the house has served as the Sibley County Historical Society Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Poehler House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for its local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. It was nominated for its association with August Poehler, an early and influential settler in Henderson, and for exemplifying the fine residences built by the area&#39;s successful entrepreneurs in the second half of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Bluff View Cemetery Chapel is a religious chapel in Bluff View Cemetery in Vermillion, South Dakota. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006; no other part of the surrounding cemetery is included in this listing. The South Dakota State Preservation Office cited it as "a fine example of a vernacular interpretation of the Gothic Revival style in South Dakota".</p><br>
<p>Bluff View Cemetery was founded in 1882 and is situated on top of a bluff overlooking the Missouri River Valley. The chapel was built in 1901 out of brick and mortar and sits near the northern entrance of the cemetery, about.2 mi south of the intersection of Pinehurst Avenue and Crawford Road. It is a mix of Late Gothic Revival and Neoclassical architecture. A wrought iron sign above the door bears the cemetery name and the year the chapel was built. The front entrance is sheltered by a small porch supported by six hexagonal columns. It consists of only one small room and a cellar. The main chamber, only measuring 20 x and 16 ft tall, was originally used for religious purposes, such as private prayer and mourning, but the building is only used for minor storage today. Historically, the basement space was used to store caskets over the winter until the ground thawed enough to allow for burials.</p><br>
<p>Garfield Township Hall is a two-story historic building located near Beresford in rural Clay County, South Dakota. It served the now-defunct Garfield Township in Clay County. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The township of Garfield was established in 1880, at a time when the surrounding region of Dakota Territory was being settled and developed from early trading posts and forts along the Missouri River. Constructed around 1908, the township hall created a central space for nearby pioneers to conduct business, instead of having to hold events and transactions in their private residences. It served variably as a polling place, a theater, a local government office, and a public meeting space. Around 1936, the Works Progress Administration added a basement and renovated the building&#39;s facade to its present appearance. Although most other township halls in the area have been abandoned for decades, Garfield Township Hall is one of the few that remain standing.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Although there are hints of Queen Anne influence on its roof shingles, the township hall building technically has no distinctive style and is described as a simple wooden rectangular building with a gabled roof, with two stories and a basement. It has a false front facade characteristic of many contemporary buildings in the Old West. One circular window is centered between two windows above the front pediment. The outside of the building is undecorated. A chimney sits on the north exterior wall of the building. All of its two-over-two double-hung windows are now boarded up to protect against vandalism.</p><br>
<p>An interior staircase in the center of the building provides access to the other floors. The first floor contains a ticket booth and restrooms that were used for public events. The first and second floors are combined in the theater area to widen the space, with the second floor providing extra seating, and an elevated stage runs along the northern wall.</p><br>
<p>The Austin–Whittemore House, sometimes referred to as the Austin–Whittemore Museum, is a historic building in Vermillion, South Dakota. Originally a private residence built in 1884, it is now a historic house museum and the headquarters of the Clay County Historical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1884 by Horace J. Austin, who was one of the earliest settlers in this area of Dakota Territory. He arrived in 1859 and worked surveying the surrounding homesteads. He met his wife, Rachel Ross, while attending services at the First Baptist Church of Vermillion. Austin later served as a Dakota Territory legislator until his death in 1891. Rachel remodeled the house after his death, moving the grand staircase to the front foyer, installing a greenhouse on the rear of the building, and building a new dining room and parlor. The Austins adopted daughter, Pansy, married Arthur Whittemore and the couple made their home here. Upon Pansys death, ownership of the house passed to her only son, Arthur Whittemore, Jr., who had become a musician; however, he decided to remain at his home in New York and sell the ancestral house, with the intention that it be torn down due to it falling into disrepair. The wife of then-University of South Dakota President Richard L. Bowen, Connie Bowen, led a group of concerned citizens who bought the house and the surrounding lots, and formed the Clay County Historical Society. Due to its association with Horace Austin and the Whittemore family, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 18, 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Austin–Whittemore House is one of the last surviving examples of 1800s architecture in the Vermillion area, and it has been preserved mostly as it was at the time of construction. It reflects a merging of Late Victorian architecture, particularly Italianate, with adaptations stylistic of the American frontier. The two-story house itself is built of out red bricks. A small wooden staircase leads to covered front porch. A large cupola sits atop its hipped roof. It also contains disused stable and buggy facilities and an earthen basement on the property. In 2014, the Clay County Historical Society purchased, remodeled, and moved a replica of Vermillion&#39;s first schoolhouse to the grounds. The replica, built in 1939, commemorates the original schoolhouse that was built in 1864 and destroyed in the Great Flood of 1881.</p><br>
<p>The Gunderson House is a historic residence located at 24 South Harvard Street in Vermillion, South Dakota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001, due to being a notable example of Queen Anne architecture in Clay County.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s builder, Harvey Gunderson, moved to Dakota Territory by way of Wisconsin in 1869 and purchased a 160-acre farm in the Vermillion area. In 1895, he built this house for his family, which at the time was still on the outskirts of town. Today, Gunderson House sits near the center of Vermillion, borders the Forest Avenue Historic District, and is a few blocks from the University of South Dakota. It is still a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Gunderson House is a classic example of Queen Anne style architecture—and specifically, the Free Classic subtype—which was popular in the Midwest during the Late Victorian and Edwardian eras. It is two stories tall and sits on a foundation made of Sioux Quartzite. Its steep cross-gabled roof is entirely clad in asphalt shingles. Its siding was originally wooden clapboard; between 1978 and 2000, it had aluminum siding, but the wood was restored after this time. A raised porch spans the entire front façade and features paired classic columns and a simple frieze. The large picture window on the ground floor that overlooks the porch was installed in the 1960s. A chimney sits on the south side of the house, next to a large bay projection in the center of the elevation. The Gunderson family added an extension to the rear of the house in 1928. A small solarium was later added to the building in 1971. One non-contributing building, a two-port garage, was added at the rear of the property in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Henderson Commercial Historic District is the historic business district of Henderson, Minnesota, United States. It comprises 12 contributing properties built from 1874 to about 1905 around Hendersons main intersection. It was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 for its local significance in the themes of architecture and exploration/settlement. The district was nominated for being a well-preserved link to Hendersons development as an agriculturally-focused river town and Sibley County&#39;s initial county seat.</p><br>
<p>The Marine Villa Neighborhood Historic District is a residential historic district in the Marine Villa neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, United States. The district encompasses ten blocks and includes 356 buildings and sites, 187 of which are considered contributing resources to the districts historic character. Construction in the area began in 1870, but poor infrastructure and street access limited settlement. A streetcar line opened on South Broadway in 1890, leading the district to develop into one of St. Louis many streetcar suburbs of the era. Most of the neighborhoods early residents were working-class and middle-class German immigrants and their families. The districts buildings are mainly one- and two-story brick buildings, and as the majority were built by individual property owners, they feature a wide variety of styles and shapes; the architectural styles used in the district include Spanish Colonial Revival, Romanesque Revival, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, Italianate, and Second Empire.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Walbri Hall is the main house of a former country estate, built for Detroit industrialist  Walter O. Briggs. The house is located at 3570 Walbri Drive in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, Bloomfield Hills became the home of many affluent families from nearby Detroit. In the early 1920s, Walter O. Briggs, owner of Briggs Manufacturing Company, purchased 67 acres in Bloomfield Hills for his country estate. He retained Charles Kotting to design residential buildings on the estate. Kotting had previously designed Briggs mansion in the Boston-Edison neighborhood in Detroit. Walbri Hall (named using the first three letters of Walter Briggss first and last names) was completed in 1925. Briggs and his family used the house as a summer estate, and Briggs also hosted social and business functions there.</p><br>
<p>After Briggs died in 1952, his children inherited the estate. They subdivided the acreage, part of which now houses the Sacred Heart Academy school in Bloomfield Hills. This left a little over 2-1/2 acres surrounding Walbri Hall, with over a 100 foot rolling backyard drop to a 15 acre lake. The home is over 10,000 sq. ft. with a 40 ft. high, 2200 sq. ft. great hall, containing a cantilevered balcony made of german oak that housed a beautiful library. The home has hosted many prominent events through the years, including the 1982 Michigan Republican Gubernatorial debate. The building itself went through a succession of owners, including Dr. Ben and Audrey Weinberg, a local interior designer and dentist who bought and renovated the home in 1975 and then Wilhelm Kast, a renowned Michigan entrepreneur who also owned American Spoon Foods. It was subsequently purchased and beautifully renovated again by the present owners, James and Olga Mackenzie, in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Walbri Hall is a two-story wood-framed Tudor Revival house built on a small rise above two spring-fed lakes. The house was built with a cross-shaped footprint; this has been somewhat altered by the addition of a modern garage on one end of the house. The house sits on a concrete block foundation, with a stuccoed first story and a half-timbered second story. The rafters above have exposed ends, and a composite roof is similar in form to the original wooden version. The house has two large fieldstone chimneys and original leaded glass windows in the upper story.</p><br>
<p>The front facade has a central projecting gabled section with wings to each side. The central section is three bays wide with ornate timbering. An enclosed entryway, added in the late 20th century, is in the center, flanked by bay windows. The upper floor has four window bays, with the central two paired over the entry door. The wings are each four bays wide,</p><br>
<p>The Nathan Esek and Sarah Emergene Sutton House is a single-family home located at 5145 Pontiac Trail in Northfield Township, Michigan, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1822, Benjamin Sutton moved from New Jersey to this location in Michigan with his wife and children, becoming the first European settler in Northfield Township. Other members of his family followed, and the Suttons farmed a number of acres in the area. In 1834, Benjamin Sutton moved to Illinois, selling his Michigan property to his father. The farmstead then passed to Benjamins uncle George. In 1864, George Suttons son Nathan Esek married Sarah Emergene Burlingame and purchased 140 acres of land from his father. Around that time, the new couple constructed a two-story brick house that is the core of the current structure.</p><br>
<p>The Suttons had five children, and the farm was prosperous. In about 1880 they purchased additional acreage, and also constructed an Italianate section in the front of their home. Nathan Esek Sutton died in 1904, and his wife Sarah Emergene Sutton died in 1928. The farm and house passed to their son Daniel, who served as served as Washtenaw County Sherriff. A single story rear addition was constructed in about 1940. Daniel sold the farm in 1942, and the property was subdivided, with the house passing through a series of owners until it was purchased b the present owner, Marian Klopp, in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Nathan Esek and Sarah Emergene Sutton House is made up of three distinct sections: the c.1864 original house, a c.1880 front addition, and a c.1940 rear addition. The original section is a side-gabled, two-story brick structure three bays wide. The front addition is large a two-and-one-half story Italianate structure with a low-pitched hipped roof. The front facade has a small, one-story, hipped-roof porch, beside which is a full-height, projecting, semi-octagonal bay. The windows are tall, narrow one-over-one wood windows set in segmental-arch openings. The rear addition is a single-story frame structure.</p><br>
<p>The Big John Farm Limestone Bank Barn, located north of USA Route 56 and east of Big John Creek in Council Grove, Morris County, Kansas, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>It is a bank barn, which is a barn built against a hillside having entrances on two levels.</p><br>
<p>Built during 1871-1872, the limestone barn measures 76x40 ft. The stone walls are 2 ft thick. The roof is of a double truss design of native oak. The property, at one time, was owned by Seth Hays and it is likely he paid for its construction.</p><br>
<p>The farm was purchased by Morris County in 1877 for use as a poor farm, and it served as that until 1945.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the National Register listing in 1990, study was underway about how the barn could be restored and reused in some way; a grant had been received to hire an architect or engineer to address structural problems.</p><br>
<p>During 1992 to 2006, the barn&#39;s roof, windows, and drainpipes were replaced, and its walls were repaired.</p><br>
<p>It is located behind (on the north side of) what the Morris County Fairgrounds is now. A sign on westbound Highway 56 indicates "OLD STONE BARN" at what is also an entrance to the Morris County Recycling Center and the Morris County Transfer Station. Big John Creek runs through the property.</p><br>
<p>The Fairfax Apartments is an historic apartment building in the North Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Built between 1926 and 1927 as the Fifth Avenue Apartments, it was renamed in 1928 after being sold to the Fairfax Hotel Company.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The building is nine stories high and consists of a main block facing Fifth Avenue with two perpendicular rear wings. It is faced with brown brick with limestone Jacobethan Revival architectural details including spandrels, quoins, and stringcourses.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrical front elevation is fifteen bays wide with three slightly projecting sections which are topped with stone finials. The side and rear elevations are less ornamented.</p><br>
<p>The building contains twenty-seven studio and one-bedroom apartments on each floor, except for the ground floor, which mostly serves as office space.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank Building in Smith Center, Kansas, at 100 S. Main, was built in 1889. It was the second building used by the oldest bank in the county, and served until a new bank building was constructed in 1930. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>It has a red brick and stone block exterior.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant for its Richardsonian Romanesque architecture and substantial presence in its community. It "exhibits all of the key characteristics of the style: round-headed Romanesque arches executed in the windows and doors, an entryway that has a round-headed arch springing from short squat columns, a recessed entrance, varied rustication, and cylindrical towers with conical caps embedded in the walling."</p><br>
<p>In 2014, a local resident bought the building and with the help of local and state organizations, was able to preserve and renovate the building. The hope of the owner was to restore the building as a hub for downtown businesses.</p><br>
<p>The Norton Downtown Historic District, in Norton, Kansas, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. It is a 19 acre area which included 43 contributing buildings, a network of brick-paved streets which is counted as contributing structure, and 18 non-contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>It is a commercial, industrial, and civic area between the original Burlington & Missouri River railroad alignment on the north of downtown and the original Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railroad alignment on the south of downtown. In terms of streets it is roughly bounded by East Lincoln Street on the north, on the south by East Penn Street on the south, South First Street on the west, and South Norton Avenue on the east.</p><br>
<p>The process of preserving the downtown area began in 2008. A specialist from the Kansas State Historical Society introduced local officials to the funding opportunities for historical restoration of downtown buildings. This was followed in 2009 by a grant that covered about 60% of the funding for building restoration. The downtown area was listed as a Kansas State Historic Site on November 20, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Individual buildings are mostly one- or two-story buildings, which are architecturally one-part or two-part commercial blocks.</p><br>
<p>It includes:</p><br>
<p>Norton County Courthouse (1929), a monumental building with six Corinthian fluted engaged columns on its east and west sides, and six Corinthian fluted pilasters on its north and south sides. Other features include full entablatures above each set of columns or pilasters, and, on all four sides, dentillation on the cornice of its raised parapet wall. It was designed by architects Cuthbert & Suehrk.</p><br>
<p>Southwestern Bell Telephone Building (1956–1958), 206 E. Lincoln St., a two-story two-part commercial block which is "an excellent example of Modern Movement architecture in downtown Norton."</p><br>
<p>and more.</p><br>
<p>Since the designation of the area as a historic district, the local Chamber of Commerce estimates over $6,595,000 has been invested in restoration and rehabilitation of buildings and has led to more businesses relocating to the district.</p><br>
<p>Worcester County Courthouse is a historic Greek Revival and Classical Revival building at 2 Main Street in Worcester, Massachusetts in the Lincoln Square district and within the historic Institutional District. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the current building was constructed in 1845 by Ammi B. Young on a parcel of land which had been the site of a courthouse since the 1730s. Stephen C. Earle constructed an 1878 addition onto the building and an 1899 addition was completed by Andrews, Jaques & Rantoul. The last major addition was in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>From 2019 to 2021, the building was extensively renovated and converted into 118 private residential housing units known as the Courthouse Lofts, and the building houses a historical display about Major Marshall Taylor, a prominent local African American bicyclist. The courthouse site also contains a statue of General</p><br>
<p>Charles Devens by Daniel Chester French and Edward Clark Potter, and the courthouse site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.</p><br>
